tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18174069494769591132024-03-06T01:17:11.952-08:00The Common RoomRest. Read.Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.comBlogger41125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-79479410934375008192011-02-19T19:40:00.000-08:002011-02-19T19:43:54.053-08:00Doctors are human, too<p><b>As he watches a man slip away, a soon-to-be-doctor contemplates life, death and everything else in-between.</b></p> <p>DEAFENING silence. Of all the oxymora in the English language, I like this best. It is spot-on, terse, succinct. For it not only captures the gravity of a situation, but also the human response to it. It encapsulates what it means to be human.</p> <p>Deafening silence. It illustrates that, in the moments of our greatest ecstasy, our greatest anxiety, our greatest anguish, we unwittingly choose to remain mute. We choose to hold our tongue. We choose to become humans.</p> <p>So I stood there that night, witnessing the final moments of a man’s life, surrounded by family members he no longer recognised. Then the frantic attempts at resuscitation and the deafening silence that ensued. Then came the sobbing, and the melodious recitation of the <i>Ya-siin</i> from the Quran.</p> <p>After five years of being a medical student, one would have thought that seeing disease on a daily basis would numb you to the experience of death. That, somehow, you would not be personally and emotionally affected by what you witness.</p> <p>Plenty of good advice, I have received. From specialists and consultants alike, each with decades of experience.</p> <p>“You have to show sympathy. But you cannot be personally affected. You simply cannot afford to.”</p> <p>And when you finally graduate and gain the title of “Dr” in front of your name, you’re expected to conduct yourself professionally – sympathising, but not empathising unnecessarily.</p> <p>But we cannot escape the fact that doctors, too, are human. They are, often, fallible. They become slaves to their minds and sentiments. They feel. They emote.</p> <p>Most people view hospitals as a house for the sick. But I personally believe it is more than that. It is, foremost, the repository of human tragedies. The museum that showcases our imperfections as human beings. The mirror that reflects our inadequacies as a species.</p> <p>There was the elderly bedridden man with no family to keep him company. A newborn abandoned by her teenage mother who feared social stigma. Women with polycystic ovaries who’d been left by their husbands.</p> <p>A man who died because he could not afford the RM20 taxi fare to come to the hospital promptly when he was stricken with illness. A former <i>ustazah</i> who, sadly, is now a schizophrenic. Human tragedies aplenty ...</p> <p>Yet hospitals can also be a refuge of hope. A refreshing reminder that, in many instances, faith still shines through.</p> <p>There are plenty of scenarios that attest to this.</p> <p>The stoic, unsentimental man shedding tears for the first time in his adult life at the sight of his firstborn. A girl who’d had an asthmatic attack, and the worried look on her mother’s face, as though the world was about to end. The lady who chose to stick by her HIV-positive husband through thick and thin.</p> <p>Yet, although hope persists, tragedy still exists in our midst. And nowhere is it more visible than in hospitals. And often, these tragedies result not from circumstances, but from our maladaptive reactions to them.</p> <p>As the body’s physical defence withers, so does the mind’s. We shed civility. We forget that we’re humans. We display our raw, animalistic psychic apparatus that Freud calls our id.</p> <p>I have always been amused by how we greet life and death in diametrically contrasting ways. At birth, at the dawn of our lives, we came crying, yet our family greeted us with absolute joy and happiness. And at death, at life’s twilight, it is our family’s turn to cry, and we depart (hopefully) with contentment and happiness.</p> <p>Remember the man I told you about earlier? Whose death I witnessed? I can no longer recall his name. Forgive me, but I’m human. I forget.</p> <p>I nonetheless challenge you to spend a day – or even half a day – at the emergency department of a hospital. Bring nothing but your eyes and ears. You will see people come and go, for a multitude of reasons. Smiles on their faces, or tears in their eyes. Laughter and joy, or cries of despair.</p> <p>This is what I wish to share. That in hospitals, you do not merely see diseases. You see people. People reacting with their basest instincts, plain and simple.</p> <p>Three months shy of my final exams, I was confronted with this question posed by a consultant the other day: “Are you guys ready to become doctors?”</p> <p>A tricky question. I hope I am equipped with enough knowledge to practise. The MBBS programme (and the multitude of exams) saw to that. But I learnt something else along the way.</p> <p>I learnt that life and death, in most instances, are not merely events – they are perspectives. That burial traditions are held to appease – not God – but mainly our hearts. That when someone dies, we cry not for the dearly departed, but for ourselves, the ones left behind.</p> <p>But above all, I learnt that – regardless of who we are, regardless of our wealth, intellect and social standing – we remain unmistakably human. I learnt that humans grieve. That we bereave.</p> <p>And in these moments of my contemplation, I chose to become human. I stood silent. In deafening silence.</p><p><br /></p><h2 id="story_byline"><a href="http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2011%2F2%2F20%2Flifefocus%2F8040039&sec=lifefocus"><span style="font-size:85%;">By HAMZAH SUKIMAN</span></a></h2>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-11966665735143468452011-02-07T13:32:00.001-08:002011-02-19T19:43:24.724-08:00Islam: Ciri-Ciri Pemimpin<p><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">sumber: <a href="http://blog.mixterr.com/ciri-ciri-seorang-pemimpin/">http://blog.mixterr.com</a></span><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Menjadi Pemimpin yang Diredhai</strong><br />Pemimpin satu amanah dan bukannya tempat mencari kemuliaan sebab amanah ini akan ditanya di akhirat nanti. Realitinya hari ini pemimpin dipuji, diberi sambutan dan tepuk sorak. Siapalah tidak ghairah pasang angan-angan menjadi pemimpin, hingga ada yang berkata: “Asyik dia orang saja dapat, bila lagi giliran aku pula.”</p> <p>Islam sejak beratus tahun lampau mencipta rekod kepemimpinan di pelbagai benua dan kota, terus melakarkan beberapa pra syarat agar pemimpin betul-betul ‘menjadi’ dan orang yang dipimpin menerima nikmat kepemimpinan, bukan hanya terpimpin selamat di dunia malah juga di akhirat nanti. <span id="more-1304"></span></p> <p><strong>Syarat pertama</strong> pemimpin ialah iman. Dalam surah al-Kahfi Allah menyatakan iman itu ada tiga implikasi, iaitu ‘imun’, ‘aman’ dan ‘amin.’</p> <p>Imun maknanya kebal daripada maksiat dan kebal daripada rasuah. Aman maknanya dia berasa aman bila bersama Allah, malah di depan orang dia baik, di belakang orang pun dia tetap baik, bukannya hipokrit. Manakala ‘amin’ pula maknanya orang yang boleh dipercayai. Apabila sudah dipercayai barulah layak menerima amanah .</p> <p><strong>Syarat kedua</strong> ialah ilmu kepemimpinan. Kepemimpinan bukannya secara spontan atau pakai tangkap muat sahaja, sebaliknya mesti ada ilmu.</p> <p>Makna kepemimpinan ialah cara menggunakan pengaruh untuk mempengaruhi pengikut mencapai matlamat yang digarap. Jika tidak ada ilmu, sepak terajang dan kerenah kepemimpinan, nanti kita pula yang dipimpin.</p> <p><strong>Syarat ketiga</strong> ialah ’selfleadership.’ Bagaimana kita boleh memimpin orang lain kalau diri kita tidak terpimpin?</p> <p>Perkataan ‘leader’ merujuk kepada tanggungjawab (al-mas’uliyah). Sabda Rasulullah s.a.w bermaksud: “Setiap kamu dalam pemimpin dan setiap kamu akan diminta pertanggungjawab berdasarkan apa yang kamu pimpin.”</p> <p>Syarat ini menggambarkan orang yang memimpin itu mampu bertanggungjawab terhadap diri sendiri. Maknanya, pemimpin tidak cepat melemparkan tanggungjawabnya kepada orang lain, tidak cepat terpengaruh dengan khabar yang tidak pasti.</p> <p>Jika dia melakukan kesilapan, diri sendiri menanggung risiko, bukan mengkambing hitamkan orang lain demi keselamatan diri.</p> <p><strong>Syarat keempat</strong> ialah pemimpin memerlukan ‘The Power Of Communication.’ Ketika berinteraksi dengan pengikut akan menghadapi pelbagai kerenah, keinginan dan tuntutan yang semestinya mampu menenangkan mereka walaupun hajat tidak tertunai, bukannya putar belit.</p> <p>Cara berkomunikasi ada empat:</p> <ol><li> Cakap mudah difahami, bahasa terang, arahan jelas tidak berbelit-belit.</li><li>Kesamaan. Setiap orang mudah didampingi, tidak ada tembok pemisah atau terlalu protokol. Pasangan berkahwin sebab banyak kesamaan antara mereka. Mereka nescaya bercerai jika ada banyak perbezaannya.</li><li> Ikhlas. Walaupun ikhlas terletak di hati dan tidak nampak dengan mata namun ia dapat dirasai. Jika tidak ikhlas seakan ada satu gelombang yang mengganggu perasaan orang yang dipimpin. Kata-kata tidak tajam tidak masuk di hati.</li><li> The power of service. Cakap hanya perlu pada tempatnya tetapi bertindak semestinya lebih banyak. Allah memberikan kita dua telinga supaya kita banyak mendengar, Allah memberikan kita dua mata supaya kita banyak melihat dan mengamatinya, kemudian bertindak berasaskan pendengaran dan pemerhatian.</li></ol> <p>Rasanya elok juga disinggung sedikit perkara yang menambah komitmen moral seorang pemimpin berasaskan tafsir lima ayat surah <a href="http://www.quran.com/74" target="_blank">al-Muddaththir</a>.</p> <ol><li>Bangun dan beri peringatan. Pemimpin mempunyai kepedulian sosial yang tinggi. Sekiranya di sekelilingnya terdapat perkara menyalahi kebenaran, dengan kuasanya dia akan meluruskannya.</li><li>Mesti membesarkan Allah. Pemimpin perlu sentiasa ke depan tetapi jangan mendahului Allah.</li><li>Bersihkan pakaiannya. Pakaian luar dan dalam iaitu hati biar turut bersih.</li><li>Tinggalkan dosa.</li><li>Janganlah memberi sesuatu kerana ingin mendapat lebih banyak malah kalau boleh jangan ingat bahawa kita pernah memberi kepada seseorang.</li></ol> <p><strong>Pemimpin Mengikut Islam</strong></p> <p><strong>1. Niat Yang Ikhlas</strong><br />Apabila menerima suatu tanggung jawab, hendaklah didahului dengan niat sesuai dengan apa yang telah Allah perintahkan. Iringi hal itu dengan mengharapkan keredhaan-Nya sahaja. Kepemimpinan atau jabatan adalah tanggung jawab dan beban, bukan kesempatan dan kemuliaan.</p> <p><strong>2. Lelaki</strong><br />Wanita sebaiknya tidak memegang tampuk kepemimpinan. Rasulullah Shalallahu’alaihi wa sallam bersabda, “Tidak akan beruntung kaum yang dipimpim oleh seorang wanita (Riwayat Bukhari dari Abu Bakarah Radhiyallahu’anhu).<br /><strong><br />3. Tidak Meminta Jabatan</strong><br />Rasullullah bersabda kepada Abdurrahman bin Samurah Radhiyallahu’anhu, ”Wahai Abdul Rahman bin Samurah! Janganlah kamu meminta untuk menjadi pemimpin. Sesungguhnya jika kepemimpinan diberikan kepada kamu kerana permintaan, maka kamu akan memikul tanggung jawab sendirian, dan jika kepemimpinan itu diberikan kepada kamu bukan karena permintaan, maka kamu akan dibantu untuk menanggungnya.” (Riwayat Bukhari dan Muslim)</p> <p><strong>4. Berpegang Dan Konsisten Pada Hukum Allah</strong><br />Ini salah satu kewajiban utama seorang pemimpin. Allah berfirman, ”Dan hendaklah kamu memutuskan perkara diantara mereka menurut apa yang diturunkan Allah, dan janganlah kamu mengikuti hawa nafsu mereka.” (al-Maaidah:49). Jika ia meninggalkan hukum Allah, maka seharusnya dilucutkan daripada jabatannya.<br /><strong><br />5. Memutuskan Perkara Dengan Adil</strong><br />Rasulullah bersabda,”Tidaklah seorang pemimpin mempunyai perkara kecuali ia akan datang dengannya pada hari kiamat dengan keadaan terikat, entah ia akan diselamatkan oleh keadilan, atau akan dijerumuskan oleh kezalimannya.” (Riwayat Baihaqi dari Abu Hurairah dalam kitab Al-Kabir).</p> <p><strong>6. Senantisa Ada Ketika Diperlukan</strong><br />Hendaklah selalu membuka pintu untuk setiap pengaduan dan permasalahan rakyat. Rasulullah bersabda,”Tidaklah seorang pemimpin atau pemerintah yang menutup pintunya terhadap keperluan, hajat, dan kemiskinan kecuali Allah akan menutup pintu-pintu langit terhadap keperluan, hajat, dan kemiskinannya.” (Riwayat Imam Ahmad dan At-Tirmidzi).</p> <p><strong>7. Menasihati Rakyat</strong><br />Rasulullah bersabda,”Tidaklah seorang pemimpin yang memegang urusan kaum Muslimin lalu ia tidak bersungguh-sungguh dan tidak menasihati mereka, kecuali pemimpin itu tidak akan masuk syurga bersama mereka (rakyatnya).”</p> <p><strong>8. Tidak Menerima Hadiah</strong><br />Seorang rakyat yang memberikan hadiah kepada seorg pemimpin pasti mempunyai maksud tersembunyi, entah ingin mendekati atau mengambil hati. Oleh karena itu, hendaklah seorang pemimpin menolak pemberian hadiah dari rakyatnya. Rasulullah bersabda,” Pemberian hadiah kepada pemimpin adalah pengkhianatan.” (Riwayat Thabrani).</p> <p><strong>9. Mencari Pemimpin Yang Baik</strong><br />Rasulullah bersabda,”Tidaklah Allah mengutus seorang nabi atau menjadikan seorg khalifah kecuali ada bersama mereka itu golongan pembantu, iaitu pembantu yang menyuruh kepada kebaikan dan mendorongnya kesana, dan pembantu yang menyuruh kepada kemungkaran dan mendorongnya ke sana. Maka orang yang terjaga adalah orang yang dijaga oleh Allah,” (Riwayat Bukhari dari Abu said Radhiyallahu’anhu).</p> <p><strong>10. Lemah Lembut</strong><br />Doa Rasullullah,’ Ya Allah, barangsiapa mengurus satu perkara umatku lalu ia mempersulitnya, maka persulitlah ia, dan barang siapa yang mengurus satu perkara umatku lalu ia berlemah lembut kepada mereka, maka berlemah lembutlah kepadanya.<br /><strong><br />11. Tidak Meragukan</strong><br />Rasulullah bersabda,” Jika seorang pemimpin menyebarkan keraguan dalam masyarakat, ia akan merusak mereka.” (Riwayat Imam Ahmad, Abu Dawud, dan Al-hakim).</p> <p><strong>12. Terbuka Untuk Menerima Idea & Kritikan</strong><br />Salah satu prinsip Islam adalah kebebasan bersuara. Kebebasan bersuara ini adalah platform bagi rakyat untuk memberi idea atau kritikan kepada kerajaan & pemimpin agar sama mengembling tenaga & ijtihad ke arah pembentukan negara yang maju. Saidina Abu Bakar berucap ketika dilantik mnjdi khalifah, beliau menegaskan “..saya berlaku baik, tolonglah saya, dan pabila saya berlaku buruk, betulkan saya..”, manakala Khalifah Umar pernah ditegur oleh seorg wanita ketika memberi arahan di masjid, dan beliau menerima teguran tersebut.</p> <p>Sebagai penamat posting ini, saya membocorkan tujuh kualiti untuk menjadi pemimpin yang baik oleh Tun Dr. Mahathir:</p> <ul><li> Seorang pemimpin yang baik tidak semestinya merendah diri tapi sekurang-kurangnya tidak bercakap besar.</li><li>Beliau mesti bersedia menerima tanggungjawab tetapi tidak boleh terlalu mendesak dan berkeras dalam memimpin.</li><li> Beliau tidak harus menyalahkan orang lain bagi kegagalan tetapi mengakui kelemahan diri serta tidak harus menuding jari atau mencari seseorang untuk dipersalahkan.</li><li> Beliau harus bersikap luhur dan tidak pentingkan pujian dan kemasyhuran.</li><li> Beliau patut tahu bagaimana mengendalikan pengikutnya begitu juga pihak atasan serta perlu sensitif dengan sensitiviti orang lain.</li><li> Beliau patut bersedia melakukan apa yang diharapkan oleh orang lain untuk beliau laksanakan serta mendukung slogan kepemimpinan melalui teladan.</li><li> Beliau perlu bijak dan lebih pintar sekurang2nya berbanding orang yang berada di bawah pimpinannya.</li></ul> <p>Wassalam..</p>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-37622193920682314732011-02-07T13:27:00.000-08:002011-02-19T19:43:24.724-08:00Islam: Ciri-Ciri Suami Pilihan<div class="entry"><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"> <blockquote>sumber: <a href="http://nurjeehan.wordpress.com/2007/01/11/ciri-ciri-suami-pilihan/"> http://nurjeehan.wordpress.com</a><br /></blockquote></div></div><p align="center"><strong>KASIH manusia sering bermusim,<br />sayang manusia tiada abadi.<br />Kasih Tuhan tiada bertepi, sayang Tuhan janji-Nya pasti.</strong></p></blockquote> <p><a rel="attachment wp-att-577" href="http://nurjeehan.wordpress.com/2007/01/11/ciri-ciri-suami-pilihan/suamisolehjpg/" title="suamisoleh.jpg"><img src="http://nurjeehan.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/suamisoleh.jpg?w=570" alt="suamisoleh.jpg" align="right" border="0" /></a>ITULAH sedikit dari bait-bait lagu Raihan. Lantaran kasih manusia yang sering bermusim dan sayangnya yang tidak kekal lama, kita perlu sentiasa berwaspada terutamanya dalam memilih pasangan. Andainya sedikit daripada cinta itu hendak diberi pada seseorang yang boleh digelar suami, secara ringkas pilihlah seorang lelaki yang…</p> <ul><li><strong>Kuat agamanya</strong><br />Biar sibuk sekalipun, solat fardu tetap terpelihara. Utamakanlah pemuda yang taat pengamalan agamanya. Lihat saja Rasulullah menerima pinangan Saidina Ali buat puterinya Fatimah. Lantaran ketaqwaannya yang tinggi biarpun dia pemuda paling miskin. Utamakanlah pemuda yang jujur membimbing dan memelihara iman anda.</li></ul> <ul><li><strong>Baik akhlaknya<br /></strong>Ketegasannya nyata tetapi dia lembut dan bertolak-ansur hakikatnya. Sopan tutur kata gambaran peribadi dan hati yang mulia. Rasa hormatnya pada warga tua ketara. Mudah di bawa berbincang. Tidak terlalu berahsia.</li></ul> <ul><li><strong>Tegas mempertahankan maruah</strong><br />Pernahkah dia menjengah ke tempat-tempat yang menjatuhkan kredibiliti dan maruahnya sebagai seorang Islam? Adakah dia jujur sebagai pelindung maruah seorang perempuan?</li></ul> <ul><li><strong>Amanah</strong><br />Jika dia pernah mengabaikan tugas yang diberi dengan sengaja ditambah pula salah guna kuasa, lupakan saja si dia.<span id="more-8"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><strong>Pemurah tetapi tidak boros<br /></strong>Dia bukanlah kedekut tapi tahu membelanjakan wang dan harta dengan bijaksana. Setiap nikmat yang ada dikongsi bersama mereka yang berhak.</li></ul> <ul><li><strong>Tidak liar matanya</strong><br />Perhatikan apakah matanya kerap meliar ke arah perempuan lain yang lalu-lalang ketika berbicara. Jika ya jawabnya, dia bukanlah calon yang sesuai buat kamu.</li></ul> <ul><li><strong>Terbatas pergaulan</strong><br />Sebagai lelaki dia tahu dia tidak mudah jadi fitnah orang, tetapi dia tidak mengamalkan cara hidup bebas.</li></ul> <ul><li><strong>Rakan pergaulannya</strong><br />Rakan2 pergaulannya adalah mereka yang sepertinya. Sebaik-baik teman adalah teman yang soleh.</li></ul> <ul><li><strong>Bertanggungjawab<br /></strong>Rasa tanggungjawabnya dapat diukur kepada sejauh mana dia memperuntukkan dirinya untuk ibu bapa dan ahli keluarganya. Jika ibubapanya hidup melarat sedang dia hidup hebat, nyata dia tidak bertanggungjawab.</li></ul> <ul><li><strong>Tenang wajah<br /></strong>Apa yang tersimpan dalam sanubari kadang2 terpancar pada air muka. Wajahnya tenang, setenang sewaktu dia bercakap dan bertindak.</li></ul> <p><em><strong>Berbahagialah</strong></em> kamu jika diintai calon yang demikian sifatnya.</p> </div>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-72636474957408333302011-02-07T12:36:00.000-08:002011-02-07T12:39:15.325-08:00Medicine: Life Cycle of Lymphatic Filariasis<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDjU5fJr0j0r0QPSmS37Xp4R8bl9oQr7loIwK59bVPGHAlnUe1udBzglTx1modWRynsr_qRbWWyoXl1xHgzOvCo2mMdjvhfWWdjFgtHZf-sLcvjKmr8EdRiFH1-MnxVrX41Nt8e_Re-_U/s1600/cycle-of-lymphatic-filariasisoj.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 383px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDjU5fJr0j0r0QPSmS37Xp4R8bl9oQr7loIwK59bVPGHAlnUe1udBzglTx1modWRynsr_qRbWWyoXl1xHgzOvCo2mMdjvhfWWdjFgtHZf-sLcvjKmr8EdRiFH1-MnxVrX41Nt8e_Re-_U/s400/cycle-of-lymphatic-filariasisoj.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5571049505698178786" border="0" /></a>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-3115834216957686772011-01-05T04:28:00.000-08:002011-02-07T12:38:40.955-08:00Medicine: Fakta tentang Jantung1. Jantung kita hanyalah sebesar sekepal tangan kita<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://s420.photobucket.com/albums/pp285/isuhangat/Isu%20Hangat/?action=view&current=1-73.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="Photobucket" src="http://i420.photobucket.com/albums/pp285/isuhangat/Isu%20Hangat/1-73.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /></div> Meskipun jantung kita cuma sebesar kepalan tangan kita, tetapi jantung merupakan bagian tubuh yang paling aktif dan tidak pernah berhenti bekerja sekalipun kita tertidur. Kalau jantung berhenti berdenyut, berakhirlah hidup kita. Jantung tidak pernah penat dan bekerja selama kita hidup.<br /><br /><span id="more-3418"></span><br />Jantung berfungsi secara automatik. Ia tidak seperti sebahagian besar organ badan kita yang dapat dikendalikan menurut kehendak kita.<br /><br /><br />2. Jantung bukan hanya satu pam<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://s420.photobucket.com/albums/pp285/isuhangat/Isu%20Hangat/?action=view&current=2-80.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="Photobucket" src="http://i420.photobucket.com/albums/pp285/isuhangat/Isu%20Hangat/2-80.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /></div> Jantung terdiri dari dua pengepam yang berdampingan. Pam sebelah kiri mengeluarkan darah ke seluruh tubuh dan membawa oksigen serta zat makanan untuk disebarkan ke seluruh sel kita. Setelah sampai di bahagian tubuh kita paling hujung, darah kembali ke pam sebelah kanan dan di hantar ke paru-paru untuk mengumpulkan oksigen yang lebih banyak. Kemudian, darah kembali ke pam sebelah kiri dan di pam keluar dari jantung. Demikianlah proses ini terus berulang.<br /><br /><br />3. Volume Pengepam satu hari<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://s420.photobucket.com/albums/pp285/isuhangat/Isu%20Hangat/?action=view&current=3-73.jpg" target="_blank"><img alt="Photobucket" src="http://i420.photobucket.com/albums/pp285/isuhangat/Isu%20Hangat/3-73.jpg" border="0" /></a><br /></div> Ini contoh tangki 15,000 liter . Volume sebanyak ini yang tiap hari dipam dan diputar jantung kita . Dalam satu hari, jantung bekerja mengepam darah sebanyak 15,000 liter.<br /><br /><br />4. Panjang saluran darah<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQABnqJyRketlLQIhYwMv_nubcuCbKheNdQWCwAqAZYllK-38Yn" /><br /></div> Saiz aorta hampir bersamaan saiz hos air yang biasa digunakan dan saiz kapilari pula 10 kali ganda lebih kecil daripada sehelai rambut. Jika disambung semua saluran darah ini, panjang sistem ini hampir 100,000 kilometer atau bersamaan jarak mengelilingi dunia lebih dua kali!<br /><br /><br />4. Denyutannya jantung<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYOccZActkbGwW7vVz_tuAaUEioooIf5ekX9j5dVMIseVE9IXdv-RMzj9ki6TEYECHhlEIqqwC93PKMmv48pYTVimPuXmDJY4nTL1jBRxqKSFkR3kqnMgPZzb1Gh9RbZ6tQlqFHwte929v/s320/beep_beep_beep_beeeeeep__by_Unionhoney.jpg" /><br /></div> Jantung kita berdenyut dengan kecepatan yang berbeza-beza, bergantung apa yang sedang dilakukan tubuh. Ketika sedang aktif, otot-otot memerlukan tenaga dan oksigen yang lebih banyak. Sebab itu, jantung berdenyut lebih cepat, 120 kali atau lebih seminit. Ketika sedang berehat, jantung kembali melambat dan berdenyut 60 hingga 80 kali semenit.<br /><br /><br />Semasa seseorang ketakutan atau stres, jantung berdenyut lebih cepat dari biasanya. Rata-rata sepanjang hidupnya, jantung manusia berdetik sebanyak 3 billion kali tanpa berhenti. Mesin manakah yang lebih canggih daripada jantung manusia?<br /><br /><br />5. Tekanan pam jantung<br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQKdeDLdT0XFPU1owfVveab_p_0aHb0b8Wujcygn6gNqXe_5UQKzw" /><br /></div> Jantung berupaya menghasilkan tekanan yang boleh memancutkan darah sejauh 10 meter setiap kali ia mengecut. Walaupun ketika seseorang itu berehat, otot jantung bekerja dua kali ganda lebih keras daripada otot kaki seorang yang berlari pecut.<br /><br /><br />Jantung adalah anugerah Allah yang sangat luar biasa, sekarang, tugas kita adalah menjaganya dengan baik agar jantung kita mampu berfungsi dengan baik dan normal selama mungkin.<br /><br />sumber: <a href="http://www.loveloveislam.com/2011/01/fakta-hebat-tentang-jantung.html">http://www.loveloveislam.com/2011/01/fakta-hebat-tentang-jantung.html</a>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-81693010249175995832010-11-06T05:02:00.000-07:002011-01-14T18:13:51.332-08:0025 Tanda-tanda Sakit Yang Perlu Anda Ketahui<p>Artikel daripada: Facebook</p><div class="clearfix"><div class="mbs mbs uiHeaderSubTitle lfloat fsm fwn fcg">by <a href="http://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100001287347370">Ahlan Wasahlan سيتي فاطمه</a> on Thursday, November 4, 2010 at 4:31pm<br /><br /></div></div><p>Bacalah untuk menilai sejauh mana kesihatan diri anda :-</p><p> </p><p><strong>1. MATA (Bertindak balas dengan keadaan hati)</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>a) Mata menjadi merah : Hati mengandungi paras toksin yang tinggi.Mata menjadi merah menandakan badan Kita sedang dalam proses pembuangan toksin.</p><p> </p><p>Mata menjadi kabur : Sering berlaku pada waktu pagi. Menandakan proses penyeimbangan hati sedang berlaku.</p><p> </p><p>b) Keluar tahi mata : Fungsi hati lemah, pembuangan toksin sedang berlaku. Ini juga menunjukkan badan mengandungi asid berlebihan.</p><p> </p><p>c) Keluar air mata : Gangguan emosi yang bersangkut dengan hati atau bebanan kerja.</p><p> </p><p>d) Ketegangan Mata Dan kelopak : Tekanan perasaan kerana tidak puas hati atau bebanan yang berat.</p><p> </p><p><strong>2. HIDUNG (Hidung mempunyai hubungan rapat dengan paru-paru dan kerongkong)</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p>a) Selesema : Proses pembuangan toksin di bahagian kerongkong. Badan mengandungi asid berlebihan (biasanya suhu badan meningkat).</p><p> </p><p>b) Hidung sumbat : Paru-paru mengandungi toksin yang berlebihan. Proses menyeimbangkan masalah alahan hidung.</p><p> </p><p>c) Bersin</p><p> </p><p>i· Proses membuang toksin di bahagian kerongkong.</p><p> </p><p>ii· Proses menyeimbangkan masalah alahan hidung.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong>3. BATUK </strong>a) Batuk keluar kahak : Proses membuang toksin di bahagian kerongkong.</p><p> </p><p>b) Batuk tanpa kahak : Paru-paru mengandungi toksin yang berlebihan. Biasanya kahak pekat keluar selepas beberapa Hari memakan RG..</p><p> </p><p>c) Batuk Dan berasa gatal di kerongkong : Proses membuang toksin di bahagian kerongkong Dan paru-paru, biasanya berlaku pada orang yang banyak merokok atau terdedah kepada udara yang tercemar.</p><p> </p><p><strong>4. KERONGKONG </strong></p><p> </p><p>a) Kerongkong kering. Proses membuang toksin sedang berlaku di seluruh badan. Ini adalah tanda bahawa badan Kita memerlukan banyak air untuk membuang toksin.</p><p> </p><p>b) Sakit kerongkong. Seperti di atas. Paras keracunan lebih serius.</p><p> </p><p><strong>5. BIBIR (Berkaitan dengan fungsi sistem penghadaman) </strong></p><p> </p><p>a) Bibir pucat</p><p> </p><p>i. Sistem penghadaman yang lemah.</p><p> </p><p>ii. Perut mengandungi angin.</p><p> </p><p>iii. Kurang darah yang disebabkan oleh sistem penghadaman yang kurang sempurna Dan mengakibatkan kekurangan zat besi.</p><p> </p><p>Sepatutnya diperkuatkan fungsi penghadaman dahulu dengan RG sebelum memakan zat besi.</p><p> </p><p>b) Bibir kering Dan pecah. Perut mengandungi banyak bahan toksin.</p><p> </p><p><strong>6. MULUT DAN LIDAH (Berkaitan dengan fungsi jantung dan sistem pengedaran darah)</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong> </strong>a) Lidah atau gusi bengkak, sakit : Menunjukkan jantung mempunyai masalah, seperti lemak yang berlebihan, injap menjadi lemah, saluran koronari tersumbat dan lain-lain lagi.</p><p> </p><p>b) Lidah, tisu mulut atau gusi menjadi pecah-pecah (ulser). Menandakan darah mengandungi asid berlebihan.</p><p> </p><p>c) Mulut berbau busuk . Proses penyeimbangan fungsi perut untuk pembuangan toksin.</p><p> </p><p><strong>7. TELINGA (Berkaitan dengan buah pinggang)</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong> </strong>a) Telinga terasa tersumbat : Buah pinggang mengandungi toksin berlebihan.</p><p> </p><p>b) Telinga berdengung : Sedang merawat buah pinggang yang lemah.Biasanya tapak kaki terasa sakit ketika bangun pagi Dan sakit itu hilang setelah berjalan-jalan.</p><p> </p><p><strong>8. KULIT BERPELUH :</strong></p><p> </p><p>a) Peluh masin : Badan mengandungi lebihan asid urik.</p><p> </p><p>b) Peluh berbau : Badan menyingkirkan toksin melalui perpeluhan.</p><p> </p><p><strong>9. RUAM DAN BISUL </strong></p><p> </p><p>Badan menyingkirkan toksin yang berlemak dan toksin yang tidak larut dalam air.</p><p> </p><p><strong>10. KULIT GATAL DENGAN RUAM</strong></p><p> </p><p>Proses menyingkirkan toksin melalui kulit akibat terlalu banyak memakan ubat yang mengandungi bahan kimia.</p><p> </p><p><strong>11. KULIT PECAH DAN BERAIR</strong></p><p> </p><p>Proses pembuangan toksin yang larut dalam air.Sapukan serbuk Ganoderma pada kulit berkenaan.</p><p> </p><p><strong>12. RAMBUT GUGUR</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong> </strong>Menandakan fungsi buah pinggang yang lemah. Selepas proses gugur, rambut akan umbuh semula dengan lebih sihat dan subur.</p><p> </p><p><strong>13. SENDI-SENDI, TANGAN DAN KAKI</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong> </strong>a) Sakit Sendi</p><p> </p><p>i. Rasa panas. Menunjukkan terdapat luka di bahagian sendi berkenaan & tanda- tanda penyakit pirai (gout).</p><p> </p><p>ii. Tidak rasa panas .Tanda-tanda sakit lenguh (rheumatism) .</p><p> </p><p>iii. Sakit di bahagian bahu. Menandakan saluran darah telah menjadi keras dan fungsi metabolisme tidak seimbang.</p><p> </p><p>b) Kebas Tangan : Pengaliran darah di bahagian atas badan tidak lancar.</p><p> </p><p>c) Kebas Tangan Kiri Dan Lengan : Tanda-tanda lemah atau sakit jantung. Jika rasa kebas menjadi sakit di bahagian lengan Dan kekal di sana , ini menandakan serangan sakit jantung mungkin berlaku.</p><p> </p><p>d) Kebas Kaki : Pengaliran darah di bahagian bawah badan tidak lancar.</p><p> </p><p>e) Sakit Tapak Kaki : Menandakan buah pinggang lemah. Biasanya disebabkan oleh kekurangan senaman Dan duduk terlalu lama.</p><p> </p><p>f) Sakit Tumit Kaki : Menunjukkan kelemahan fungsi alat kelamin.</p><p> </p><p>g) Rasa Panas Di Tapak Kaki : Penyeimbangan fungsi buah pinggang akibat lemah tenaga batin.</p><p> </p><p>h) Gatal Celah-celah Jari Kaki : Menunjukkan tanda awal penyakit kaki busuk (Hong Kong Foot).</p><p> </p><p><strong>14. TANDA-TANDA DALAMAN </strong></p><p> </p><p>a) Kepala.Secara amnya, segala tindak balas yang berlaku di bahagian kepala mempunyai kaitan dengan sistem pengaliran darah, jantung Dan saraf otak.</p><p> </p><p>b) Pening/Sakit Di Bahagian Depan KepalaMenandakan sakit tekanan jiwa (neurosis) akibat bebanan mental Dan banyak berfikir.</p><p> </p><p>c) Pening/Sakit Di Bahagian Belakang Kepalai) Bahagian atas . Menunjukkan penyakit tekanan darah tinggi.ii) Bahagian bawah (tengkuk). Menunjukkan penyakit tekanan darah tinggi atau tekanan darah.</p><p> </p><p>d) Sakit Kepala Dan Rasa Gas Keluar Dari Telinga :Menandakan penyakit migrain.</p><p> </p><p>e) Bisul Terjadi Di KepalaTanda pembuangan toksin sedang berlaku. Kadang-kadang dikaitkan dengan penyakit migrain.</p><p> </p><p>f) Rasa Pening Yang MemusingTanda kurang darah atau pengaliran darah tidak lancar.</p><p> </p><p><strong>15. MULUT/KERONGKONG/ LIDAH </strong></p><p> </p><p>a) Loya/Muntah : Tanda penyakit lelah.. Pembuangan bahan toksik dari bahagian perut.</p><p> </p><p>b) Muntah Darahi. Darah merah : Pembuangan tisu yang sudah rosak di bahagian kerongkongii. Darah hitam: Pembuangan tisu yang sudah rosak di bahagian perut; misalnya penyakit ulser.</p><p> </p><p><strong>16. LIDAH RASA TEGANG DAN PENDEK </strong></p><p> </p><p>Tanda sakit jantung.</p><p> </p><p><strong>17. KELUAR AIR LIUR YANG PEKAT</strong></p><p> </p><p>Proses pembuangan toksin dari kerongkong akibat jangkitan kuman</p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong>18. KENCING </strong></p><p> </p><p>a) Kerap kencing : Menunjukkan buah pinggang mengandungi kotoran </p><p> </p><p>b) Air kencing berkapur : Menunjukkan penyakit batu karang dalam buah pinggang.</p><p> </p><p>c) Air kencing berminyak : Menunjukkan buah pinggang mengandungi kotoran berlemak.</p><p> </p><p>d) Air kencing pekat berwarna coklat : Menandakan proses pembuangan toksin sedang berlaku.</p><p> </p><p>e) Air kencing berdarah : Penyakit batu karang atau buah pinggang luka.</p><p> </p><p><strong>19. BUANG AIR BESAR </strong></p><p> </p><p>a) Cirit-Birit/ Kerap Buang Air Besar : Membersihkan kotoran/keracunan dari usus besar. Cirit-birit dengan serta merta selepas memakan RG, menandakan penyakit barah di bahagian usus besar.</p><p> </p><p>b) Sembelit: Membersihkan toksin dari usus kecil.</p><p> </p><p>c) Najis Berdarahi.</p><p> </p><p>i . Darah merah : Masalah penyakit buasir atau barah di bahagian usus.</p><p> </p><p>ii. Darah hitam: Masalah penyakit ulser perut.</p><p> </p><p>d) Najis Berwarna Hitam : Menunjukkan proses pembuangan toksin di bahagian usus sedang berlaku.</p><p> </p><p><strong>20. BADAN</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong> </strong>a) Rasa Sakit : Secara amnya, segala kesakitan badan adalah disebabkan?saluran darah.</p><p> </p><p>i. Sakit menyucuk : Proses menyeimbangkan urat saraf.</p><p> </p><p>ii. Sakit sengal: Menandakan luka di dalam badan</p><p> </p><p>.iii. Sakit menyentap: Proses menyeimbangkan urat saraf yang berkaitan dengan organ-organ badan</p><p> </p><p>.iv. Sakit menegang : Proses melancarkan pengaliran darah.</p><p> </p><p>b) Badan Terasa Berat/ Malas/ Lenguh : Badan mengandungi asid yang berlebihan.</p><p> </p><p>c) Badan Terasa Panas : Badan mengandungi asid yang berlebihan. Inimenandakan badan memerlukan banyak air untuk menjalankan proses pembuangan toksin.</p><p> </p><p>d) Badan Terasa Ringan : Menandakan badan segar dan proses awet muda sedang berlaku.</p><p> </p><p><strong>21. RASA TAKUT MENGEJUT </strong></p><p> </p><p>Lemah fungsi buah pinggang. Tenaga batin lemah.</p><p> </p><p><strong>22. CEPAT NAIK DARAH/MARAH</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong> </strong>Fungsi hati lemah. Tekanan darah tinggi.</p><p> </p><p><strong>23. RASA BIMBANG DAN TAKUT </strong></p><p>Sistem paru-paru yang lemah.</p><p> </p><p><strong>24. RASA SERONOK ATAU BIMBANG TANPA SEBAB : </strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong> </strong>a) Sistem jantung yang lemah.</p><p> </p><p>b) Sistem saraf otak yang lemah.</p><p> </p><p>c) Masalah pengaliran darah.</p><p> </p><p>25. <strong>SUKA BERFIKIR DAN BERKHAYAL </strong></p><p> </p><p>Sistem penghadaman yang lemah.</p><p> </p><p>Selalulah berdoa agar kita sentiasa mendapat kesihatan tubuh badan yang baik. Jangan lupa untuk bersenam dan mengamalkan pemakanan yang sihat.. InsyaAllah</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>Kalau ada diantara pembaca ini seorang doktor, bolehlah sahkan info ini. Atau kalau ada yang boleh bertanya kepada mereka yang berkelayakan, tanyakan dan kongsi dengan kita semua, adakah info ini boleh dipakai atau tidak.</p><p> </p><p>Wallahualam.</p><p> by: sya mtm</p>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-39375764494158884652010-10-25T05:33:00.001-07:002011-01-14T18:13:51.332-08:00Facts or Myths? You decide<div style="text-align: center;" class="photo photo_left"><div class="photo_img"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=163268060352785&set=o.144553218920795"><img class="img" src="http://photos-f.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc4/hs660.snc4/60047_163268060352785_100000087765244_541245_3276527_a.jpg" /></a></div></div>1. Kita diajar dalam buku biologi, buku pemakanan (kajian dan terbitan para kafir ni) bahawa kalau nak dapat vitamin B dan kalau nak tambah darah kita kena makan hati haiwan dan hati ayam tetapi sebenarnya Nabi kita tidak menggalakkan pemakanan organ dalaman. Nak ikut kafir ke nak ikut nabi kita?<p>Sebenarnya makan <strong>hati ayam dapat melembabkan otak</strong> kita sbb hati merupakan organ dimana<strong> semua toksin akan dikumpulkan</strong> dan dineutralkan. so kepekatan toksin adalah tinggi di hati ayam. makanlah kita toksin tersebut serta bengaplah otak kita umat Islam sebab percaya buku sains keluaran kafir ini. </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong></p><div style="text-align: center;" class="photo photo_none"><div class="photo_img"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=163268417019416&set=o.144553218920795"><img class="img" src="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc4/hs643.snc4/60313_163268417019416_100000087765244_541247_3014964_n.jpg" onload="var img = this; onloadRegister(function() { adjustImage(img); });" /></a></div></div> 2. Kita diajar dalam sains bahawa kopi tidak bagus untuk kesihatan. Namun sebenarnya kopi adalah antara <strong>minuman kegemaran Nabi</strong> kita selain susu dan madu. Cuba tengok Yahudi, mereka minum kopi, Starbuck. Profesor di UK yang Yahudi semua ada segelas kopi di tangan mereka.<p> </p><p> </p><div style="text-align: center;" class="photo photo_left"><div class="photo_img"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=163268610352730&set=o.144553218920795"><img class="img" src="http://photos-a.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash2/hs318.ash2/59838_163268610352730_100000087765244_541248_1493519_a.jpg" /></a></div></div> 3. Kita diajar memakan kambing tinggi kolesterol, namun kambing juga adalah makanan Nabi kita. Seolah-olah buku sains ni nak merendahkan pemakanan Nabi kita. Sebenarnya daging kambing adalah <strong> daging paling kurang kolesterol. </strong><p> </p><p><strong> </strong></p><div style="text-align: center;" class="photo photo_none"><div class="photo_img"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=163268910352700&set=o.144553218920795"><img class="img" src="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc4/hs683.snc4/62313_163268910352700_100000087765244_541249_6484874_n.jpg" onload="var img = this; onloadRegister(function() { adjustImage(img); });" /></a></div></div>4. Kita diajar bahawa makan McDonalds adalah bagus, namun sebenarnya McDonalds adalah makanan yang sangat tinggi MSG dan kolesterolnya dan paling banyak lemak tepu trans.<p> </p><p> </p><div style="text-align: center;" class="photo photo_left"><div class="photo_img"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=163269017019356&set=o.144553218920795"><img class="img" src="http://photos-d.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-ash2/hs325.ash2/60568_163269017019356_100000087765244_541250_3390954_a.jpg" /></a></div></div>5. Para kafir ni juga menggalakkan kita minum dan makan makanan yang langsung tak berkhasiat , contohnya coke dan maggi . Coke tu sangatlah beracun, pastu sangat tidak bagus untuk kesihatan (gula tinggi, berasid, pH dalam lingkungan 3.5, ada racun tersembunyi) . Dan para Melayu kita juga yang ketagih minum.<p> </p><p> </p><div style="text-align: center;" class="photo photo_none"><div class="photo_img"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=163269157019342&set=o.144553218920795"><img class="img" src="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc4/hs067.snc4/34720_163269157019342_100000087765244_541251_4782856_n.jpg" onload="var img = this; onloadRegister(function() { adjustImage(img); });" /></a></div></div>6 . Untuk pengetahuan, para kafir jugak mengwar-warkan kebaikan minum soya (sebab USA merupakan pengeluar soya terbesar), namun sebenarnya soya<strong> dapat melemahkan kejantanan lelaki </strong>dan <strong>mengurangkan kesuburan lelaki dan perempuan</strong>. selain itu juga soya dapat meningkatkan<strong> risiko kanser payudara, kanser ovari, kanser prostat, serta melemahkan otak dan tulang</strong> sbb dalam soya ada hormon estrogen yang sama dgn estrogen kat wanita. pastu soya ada phytic acid yang membuatkan penyerapan kalsium, magnesium dan zinc yang penting untuk badan kita terjejas.<p> </p><p> </p><p>References : </p><p><a href="http://www.healingdaily.com/detoxification-diet/soy.htm" onmousedown="'UntrustedLink.bootstrap($(this)," rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.healingdaily.com/detoxification-diet/soy.htm</a></p><p> </p><p><a href="http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0525&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_10.htm" onmousedown="'UntrustedLink.bootstrap($(this)," rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0525&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_10.htm</a></p><p> </p><p><a href="http://www.fatfreekitchen.com/cholesterol/cholesterol-meats.html" onmousedown="'UntrustedLink.bootstrap($(this)," rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://www.fatfreekitchen.com/cholesterol/cholesterol-meats.html</a></p><p> </p><p><a href="http://resthour.blogspot.com/2009/03/hati-hati-makan-organ-dalaman.html" onmousedown="'UntrustedLink.bootstrap($(this)," rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://resthour.blogspot.com/2009/03/hati-hati-makan-organ-dalaman.html</a></p><p> </p><p><a href="http://adji55.wordpress.com/artikel/kopi-berguna-atau-berbahaya/" onmousedown="'UntrustedLink.bootstrap($(this)," rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://adji55.wordpress.com/artikel/kopi-berguna-atau-berbahaya/</a></p><p> </p><p><a href="http://kabaena.forumplatinum.com/wisata-kuliner-f15/kebaikan-kopi-yang-terbungkam-t427.htm" onmousedown="'UntrustedLink.bootstrap($(this)," rel="nofollow" target="_blank">http://kabaena.forumplatinum.com/wisata-kuliner-f15/kebaikan-kopi-yang-terbungkam-t427.htm</a></p>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-53505898325018928042010-10-13T00:16:00.000-07:002011-02-19T19:44:25.810-08:00McDonald’s Happy Meal resists decomposition for six months<p style="text-align: left;"><cite class="vcard">Article obtain from Yahoo!<br /></cite></p><p style="text-align: left;"><cite class="vcard">By <a href="http://news.yahoo.com/bloggers/brett-michael-dykes">Brett Michael Dykes</a> <span class="fn org"></span></cite><abbr title="2010-10-12T10:54:21-0700" class="timedate"><br /></abbr></p><p style="text-align: left;"><abbr title="2010-10-12T10:54:21-0700" class="timedate">Tue Oct 12, 1:54 pm ET</abbr></p><p style="text-align: center;"><img style="width: 444px; height: 296px;" class="alignnone size-large wp-image-14570" title="Picture 3" src="http://l.yimg.com/lk/api/res/1.2/nyBVtPQCxLn8xqDwtKoU6w--/YXBwaWQ9eW1lZGlhO2g9NDE0O3c9NjEw/http://mit.zenfs.com/5/2010/10/Picture-3.png" alt="" /></p> <p>Vladimir Lenin, King Tut and the McDonald's <a id="KonaLink0" target="undefined" class="kLink" style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" href="http://news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_upshot/20101012/bs_yblog_upshot/mcdonalds-happy-meal-resists-decomposition-for-six-months#"><span style="color: rgb(54, 99, 136) ! important; font-weight: 400; position: static;font-family:arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;font-size:13px;" ><span class="kLink" style="font-weight: 400; position: static;font-family:arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;font-size:13px;" >Happy </span><span class="kLink" style="font-weight: 400; position: static;font-family:arial,helvetica,clean,sans-serif;font-size:13px;" >Meal</span></span></a>: What do they all have in common? A shocking resistance to Mother Nature's cycle of decomposition and biodegradability, apparently.</p> <p>That's the disturbing point brought home by the latest project of New York City-based <a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/yblog_upshot/bs_yblog_upshot/storytext/mcdonalds-happy-meal-resists-decomposition-for-six-months/37985833/SIG=112fs3330/*http://www.sallydaviesphoto.com/">artist and photographer Sally Davies</a>, who bought a McDonald's Happy Meal back in April and left it out in her kitchen to see how well it would hold up over time.</p> <p>The results? "The only change that I can see is that it has become hard as a rock," <a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/yblog_upshot/bs_yblog_upshot/storytext/mcdonalds-happy-meal-resists-decomposition-for-six-months/37985833/SIG=13esv9qvq/*http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1319562/McDonalds-Happy-Meal-bought-months-ago-shows-sign-mould.html">Davies told the U.K. Daily Mail</a>.</p> <p>She proceeded to photograph the Happy Meal each week and <a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/yblog_upshot/bs_yblog_upshot/storytext/mcdonalds-happy-meal-resists-decomposition-for-six-months/37985833/SIG=1224p2mep/*http://www.flickr.com/photos/sallydavies/sets/72157624739645253/">posted the pictures to Flickr</a> to record the results of her experiment. Now, just over six months later, the Happy Meal has yet to even grow mold. She told the Daily Mail that "the food is plastic to the touch and has an acrylic sheen to it."</p> <p><span id="more-14548"></span></p> <p>Davies -- whose art has been featured in numerous films and television shows and is <a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/yblog_upshot/bs_yblog_upshot/storytext/mcdonalds-happy-meal-resists-decomposition-for-six-months/37985833/SIG=118cfa9h0/*http://www.sallydaviesart.com/bio.html">collected by several celebrities</a> -- told The Upshot that she initiated the project to prove a friend wrong. He believed that any burger would mold or rot within two or three days of being left on a counter. Thus began what's <a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/yblog_upshot/bs_yblog_upshot/storytext/mcdonalds-happy-meal-resists-decomposition-for-six-months/37985833/SIG=11mei07o5/*http://www.refinery29.com/happy-meal-art-project.php">become known as "The Happy Meal Art Project."</a></p> <p>"I told my friend about a schoolteacher who's kept a McDonald's burger for 12 years that hasn't changed at all, and he didn't believe me when I told him about it," Davies told us. "He thought I was crazy and said I shouldn't believe everything that I read, so I decided to try it myself."</p> <p>Some observers of the photo series have noted that the burger's bun appears at different angles, and therefore aired suspicions that the Happy Meal may not in fact be as "untouched" as the project's groundrules stipulate. Davies says there's a simple explanation for the mobile-bun effect. "The meal is on a plate in my apartment on a shelf," she says, "and when I take it down to shoot it, the food slides around. It's hard as rock on a glass plate, so sure, the food is moving."</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/yblog_upshot/bs_yblog_upshot/storytext/mcdonalds-happy-meal-resists-decomposition-for-six-months/37985833/SIG=10np57g8d/*http://yhoo.it/aDmNMs"><strong>Click image to see more photos of the unchanging Happy Meal</strong></a></p> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/yblog_upshot/bs_yblog_upshot/storytext/mcdonalds-happy-meal-resists-decomposition-for-six-months/37985833/SIG=10np57g8d/*http://yhoo.it/aDmNMs"><img src="http://d.yimg.com/a/p/net/20101012/capt.923f397ce31546715676d7c2074e49dc.jpeg?x=400&y=266&q=85&sig=5gOkQGoJd6jjT_3B.96b8A--" alt="" height="266" width="399" /></a><br /></div><p style="width: 399px; text-align: right;"><cite id="captionCite">Photo courtesy of Sally Davies</cite></p> <p>Davies' friend was the person who should have done the additional research. Wellness and nutrition educator Karen Hanrahan has indeed <a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/yblog_upshot/bs_yblog_upshot/storytext/mcdonalds-happy-meal-resists-decomposition-for-six-months/37985833/SIG=1278k990t/*http://bestofmotherearth.com/2008/09/24/1996-mcdonalds-hamburger.html">kept a McDonald's hamburger since 1996</a> to show clients and students how resistant fast food can be to decomposition.</p> <p>As for Davies, she said that she might just keep her burger and fries hanging around for a while as well.</p> <p>"It's sitting on a bookshelf right now, so it's not really taking up any space, so why not?" she said. It ceased giving off any sort of odor after 24 hours, she said, adding: "You have to see this thing."</p> <p> In response to Davies' project, McDonald's spokeswoman Theresa Riley emailed The Upshot a statement defending the quality of the chain's food. Riley's email also blasted Davies' "completely unsubstantiated" work as something out of "the realm of urban legends." </p><p> "McDonald's hamburger patties in the United States are made with 100% USDA-inspected ground beef," Riley wrote. "Our hamburgers are cooked and prepared with salt, pepper and nothing else -- no preservatives, no fillers. Our hamburger buns are baked locally, are made from North American-grown wheat flour and include common government-approved ingredients designed to assure food quality and safety. ... According to Dr. Michael Doyle, Director, Center for Food Safety at the University of Georgia, 'From a scientific perspective, I can safely say that the way McDonald's hamburgers are freshly processed, no hamburger would look like this after one year unless it was tampered with or held frozen.'" </p><p> (Photos via <a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/yblog_upshot/bs_yblog_upshot/storytext/mcdonalds-happy-meal-resists-decomposition-for-six-months/37985833/SIG=1224p2mep/*http://www.flickr.com/photos/sallydavies/sets/72157624739645253/">Sally Davies' Flickr</a>) </p><p><br /></p><p>p.s: We all knew, long before this article, that fast food was never a good alternative for the traditional food that is much better prepared. Yet now, it had become part of our daily diet, courtesy to the influence from the West. Well, here's an article, in hope that we could at least reduce fast food consumption. </p><p>p.s: this is a research in USA. Any of us Malaysian want to take up the test and experiment Happy Meals in Malaysia?<br /></p>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-77977522698464288422010-10-10T11:23:00.000-07:002011-01-14T18:13:51.332-08:00No pain no gain?<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrszGIcHQ-d-LCtDsJwB55aPsoMjbbh2dc91L5Fi4g6b991zmfPxbk9nVx3fZlNjP2I2v16tuQw0Tb4DGjC70_rjaiWK6QICB_6uOZZW5jjt8vYDLhrjqPdXVWgfUycXJCAx2XggJtXYg/s1600/69507_166490223368488_100000225347399_590340_1113699_n.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 237px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrszGIcHQ-d-LCtDsJwB55aPsoMjbbh2dc91L5Fi4g6b991zmfPxbk9nVx3fZlNjP2I2v16tuQw0Tb4DGjC70_rjaiWK6QICB_6uOZZW5jjt8vYDLhrjqPdXVWgfUycXJCAx2XggJtXYg/s400/69507_166490223368488_100000225347399_590340_1113699_n.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5526485068213685970" border="0" /></a>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-19228528784722555812010-09-27T04:01:00.000-07:002011-01-14T18:13:51.332-08:00Taiping Hospital snuffed out my father's life<span id="contentbody">article's source: <a href="http://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/141502">http://www.malaysiakini.com<br /></a><br />With all humility let me introduce myself. I am a doctor who started his career as a houseman in 1983 at the Taiping Hospital. True to the nobleness of my late father and my profession, this is written in full honesty, level-headedness and rationality.<p id="">My father, of 94 years of age, passed away on Aug 5 at the Taiping Hospital in Ward D4. Life has to end at one point of our life and there are no misgivings in that. My father was no exception and while I take heed of that, I cannot contain or refrain myself from bringing out the following with all sincerity and truthfulness.</p><p id="">My father was taken to the hospital on Aug 8 with complaints of weakness and walking not as usual and was examined by a doctor at the Accident & Emergency Bay followed by an ECG and chest X-Ray. Blood samples were also drawn for further tests. </p><p id="">Subsequent to this, the doctor had told my uncle that my father's 'heart was weak' and he had to be admitted. Blood investigations revealed elevated cardiac enzymes and a positive Troponin T test was diagnosed as, 'acute coronary syndrome'.</p><p id="">Any doctor worth his salt would have known that a patient of 94 years with evidence of chest infection, elevated cardiac enzymes with a positive Troponin T needs to be in the CCU (Coronary Care Unit) or ICU and it's no rocket science to deduce that. If the blood pressure is on the falling trend he needs to be on some kind of ionotrope if necessary. </p><p id="">The questions that need an answer are the following:</p><p id="">Why was he put into a normal ward? </p><p id="">Why was he on normal diet when rightfully he should have been on a soft diet? </p><p id="">What was the treating doctor waiting for? </p><p id="">Where was the aptitude, logical deliberation of the admitting doctor, the treating physician and the medical officers?</p><p id="">It would seem to me that the medical personnel in the hospital would only act if the patient was to throw a massive myocardial infarction (MI or heart attack) and cardiogenic shock before it warrants the patient to be in an ICU or CCU. </p><p id="">It is my personal feeling that perhaps because my father was 94 years he was therefore worthless, inconsequential, forgettable, unimportant, inessential and ephemeral.</p><p id="">I was further shocked when it was told to me by my sister on the day of admission that a junior doctor who was with another doctor had said the following words in Tamil to her which I translate as follows: 'Do you know what is heart attack? He is having a heart attack. We cannot do anything. You better inform your relatives'.</p><p id="">In my mind, if you are going to say that you cannot do anything for a patient who has been diagnosed as having an acute coronary syndrome or heart attack for that matter, then there is something seriously wrong. </p><p id="">At the time my father was admitted at the Taiping Hospital, I was still in KL. I was trying to contact the Taiping Hospital (05-808 3333) from KL on Aug 5 from 2pm onwards and it was virtually impossible to get the operator on the line as after the completion of the ringing tone, the line gets disconnected. </p><p id="">I am disappointed that a very old man with an acute myocardial injury, blood pressure in the descend and with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome was sent to a normal ward. Pray please tell me is this some kind of new management which I may not have known about. This is just mind boggling and if this is indeed a breakthrough I am willing to humble myself. </p><p id="">When I arrived from KL and went to my father's bedside at about 6.30pm, I was concerned that he was not even on a drip or a monitor and appeared to be tachypnoeic, with oxygen prongs in his nostrils. I did notice some Venofix in his elbow. </p><p id="">I was looking for the doctor but was told he was not in any of the wards. By then, I realised without any doubt that my father has to be moved out from that ward if he is to survive as he was 'just sitting on a time bomb.' </p><p id="">At about 7.25pm my father became more tachypnoeic and I could hear wheezing. I realised he was in respiratory distress and immediately I was calling for the nurse to get the doctor-in-charge while trying to get things for a CPR. The nurses appeared to be at a loss and didn't even have the foresight to even bring the emergency trolley if ever there was one. </p><p id="">I was asking them for a cardiac-board (CPR board) but probably they never understood what it was. I told them to fix the pulse-oxymeter and the monitor and by then my father was already showing signs and symptoms of a cardiogenic shock. </p><p id="">His limbs and chest were becoming cold and sweaty The Pulse-Oxymeter was not displaying anything and there was not even an Ambu-bag available at that moment of time. Still there was no signs of the doctor. There was not even an airway at that moment and to my utter dismay and shock while trying to open my father's mouth which was closed I saw that his dentures were still there! </p><p id="">I managed to remove the dentures and kept telling the nurses to get the doctor-in-charge, only to be told that he was on the way. Finally, after a lapse of 10-15 minutes the doctor showed up and only then were the electrodes were placed on my father's chest and the monitor showed marked ST elevations. The doctor told me to stay 'outside' and I was informed that the oxygen saturation was 85% which was anything but reliable.</p><p id="">I am thoroughly disappointed that the doctor was complaining about my presence there. I overheard him say that I had no right to be there or do anything since I am not in government service. This attitude was appalling. </p><p id="">The doctor was much more keen to shine a torch into my father's eyes rather than to take any pro-active measure in resuscitation. I could see that the doctor was not going to intubate though it was absolutely essential to do this with such an oxygen-saturation. </p><p id="">I walked up to the doctor and told him, 'Doctor, he needs to be intubated and if you don't mind, can I intubate' and not surprisingly my request was denied.</p><p id="">I sincerely and wholeheartedly pray that no other son should undergo this trauma where you realise your beloved father's life ebbing away and the doctor is really not doing anything about it and neither allowing you to do something which you are competent to do and to what extent 'bagging' will improve oxygen saturation is anybody's guess. What was so wrong to grant me the permission to perform an indispensable procedure? Was it pride or ego, I ask. </p><p id="">By this time, I knew it would take a miracle, short of divine intervention for my father to come back. All the way through, it was only the houseman who was trying to do 'resuscitation' and only after an aeon later were two other senior doctors were present. But by then it was too late.</p><p id="">As I knew that the houseman was not going to do what was necessary, I told the Ward Sister to contact the doctor whom I had spoken to and to tell the housemen that my father needs to be intubated and to do it immediately. </p><p id="">But sadly, the Sister, instead of getting the doctor on the line, was much more interested to find out to what extent I knew the doctor – whether I knew him personally or not and so till I left the ward after my father's life was extinguished the Sister never got the doctor on the line.</p><p id="">At this juncture, I must also note that this Sister - who was at the Nurses Counter - did not show any urgency towards a patient who has collapsed. Only much later was she there for assistance. </p><p id="">The time of death of my father has been stated as 8.17 pm. This is not true. For more than fifteen to twenty minutes, there was only a pretension of resuscitation when in actual fact, nothing was being done. In reality, my father's life was snuffed out much much more earlier than 8.17 pm.</p><p id="">As a doctor who had gone through the mill for the past 30 years, I could only stand by watching helplessly and witnessing everything that took place</p><p id="">In any resuscitative effort, time is of the essence and there should be a sense of urgency, speed and aptitude combined with a whole lot of doctor's competence. Otherwise, what is undertaken is just perfunctory and the result will be surely and definitely be a failure as to what has happened to my father. None of the abovementioned attributes were present when my father's life was ebbing away.</p><p id="">The final blow for the day came when the lady Medical Officer came and asked me whether they can be allowed to perform a post-mortem on my father – reason being to establish the cause of death. I was at a loss for words. As for me, I feel the onus is on me to confirm the cause of death and in this instant they seem to be multi- factorial. Causes of death of my father:</p><p id="">1. Mismanagement</p><p id="">2. Negligence</p><p id="">3. Incompetence</p><p id="">4. Lackadaisical </p><p id="">5. Inaptitude</p><p id="">6. Nursing Apathy</p><p id="">My father is no more. The happiness, strength you draw and the happy moments you share with an aging father more so if he is good-natured and hale and hearty for his age. With a saintly demeanor, this gift is just colossal and inestimable. </p><p id="">My family's dreams for our aging, dignified father, an embodiment of sacrifice, has been doused because of deplorable reasons and nothing will ever be able to fill the void created. </p><p id="">The old adage, 'something is rotten in the state of Denmark' can now be mutated to'something is seriously and really not right in the House of Hippocrates' as far as Malaysia is concerned.</p></span>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-36204719476943838042010-09-14T09:39:00.001-07:002011-01-14T18:13:51.333-08:00Healthy Lifestyle: Top Concentration Killers<b>Reviewed by:</b> Louise Chang, MD for <a href="http://www.webmd.com/">WebMD</a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-cTQcHgmI/AAAAAAAACJc/pQlk2ynpVEk/s1600/top01.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-cTQcHgmI/AAAAAAAACJc/pQlk2ynpVEk/s400/top01.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516799923196494434" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Culprit: Social Media</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Whether you're living with ADHD or just have trouble focusing from time to time, today's world is full of concentration killers. Psychologist Lucy Jo Palladino, PhD offers a few tips to manage distractions, starting with social media. It's easy to connect with friends -- and disconnect from work -- many times an hour. Every status update zaps your train of thought, forcing you to backtrack when you resume your work.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-cS61jhhI/AAAAAAAACJU/Q8zEI5VdoAs/s1600/top02.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-cS61jhhI/AAAAAAAACJU/Q8zEI5VdoAs/s400/top02.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516799917397607954" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Social Media Fix</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Avoid logging in to social media sites while you're working. If you feel compelled to check in every now and then, do it during breaks, when the steady stream of posts won't interrupt your concentration. If you can't resist logging in more frequently, take your laptop someplace where you won't have Internet access for a few hours.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-cSOWMtII/AAAAAAAACJM/QyVOK8jIkdA/s1600/top03.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-cSOWMtII/AAAAAAAACJM/QyVOK8jIkdA/s400/top03.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516799905454929026" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Culprit: Email Overload</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There's something about an email -- it shoots into your inbox and itches to be answered immediately. Although many emails are work-related, they still count as distractions from your current project. You won't make much progress if you constantly stop what you're doing to reply to every message.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-cRjd4H9I/AAAAAAAACJE/4K9A1w6N7nA/s1600/top04.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-cRjd4H9I/AAAAAAAACJE/4K9A1w6N7nA/s400/top04.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516799893944410066" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Email Overload Fix</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Instead of checking email continuously, set aside specific times for that purpose. During the rest of the day, you can actually shut down your email program. This allows you to carve out blocks of time when you can work uninterrupted.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-bzEV8EOI/AAAAAAAACI8/mUTroDDYhhs/s1600/top05.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-bzEV8EOI/AAAAAAAACI8/mUTroDDYhhs/s400/top05.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516799370193539298" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Culprit: Your Cell Phone</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Perhaps even more disruptive than the ping of an email is the ringtone on your cell phone. It's a sound few of us can ignore. But taking a call not only costs you the time you spend talking – it can also cut off your momentum on the task at hand.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-bywezj4I/AAAAAAAACI0/GwLqAh-4Tis/s1600/top06.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-bywezj4I/AAAAAAAACI0/GwLqAh-4Tis/s400/top06.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516799364862021506" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Cell Phone Fix</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Put caller ID to good use. If you suspect the call is not urgent, let it go to voicemail. If you're working on a particularly intense project, consider silencing your phone so you're not tempted to answer. Choose specific times to check voicemail. Listening to all your messages at once can be less disruptive than taking every call as it comes in.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-byWcBL2I/AAAAAAAACIs/KAL3sMhT9qQ/s1600/top07.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-byWcBL2I/AAAAAAAACIs/KAL3sMhT9qQ/s400/top07.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516799357871009634" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Culprit: Multitasking</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">If you've mastered the art of multitasking, you probably feel you're getting more done in less time. Think again, experts say. Research suggests you lose time whenever you shift your attention from one task to another. The end result is that doing three projects simultaneously usually takes longer than doing them one after the other.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-byKnhlrI/AAAAAAAACIk/9x7KbkVLMjA/s1600/top08.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-byKnhlrI/AAAAAAAACIk/9x7KbkVLMjA/s400/top08.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516799354698045106" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Multitasking Fix</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Whenever possible, devote your attention to one project at a time, particularly if you're working on an intense or high-priority task. Save your multitasking skills for chores that are not urgent or demanding -- it probably won't hurt to tidy up your desk while talking on the phone.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-bxgItezI/AAAAAAAACIc/vffPNvnVdbE/s1600/top09.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-bxgItezI/AAAAAAAACIc/vffPNvnVdbE/s400/top09.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516799343294511922" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Culprit: Boredom</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Some of the tasks we have to do each day are more interesting than others. The boring ones may burn through your attention span in minutes, making you extremely vulnerable to distractions. Your phone, the Internet, even the prospect of dusting your workspace can seem tempting if you're bored.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-Z52SihrI/AAAAAAAACIU/bcOFvNTGSuQ/s1600/top10.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-Z52SihrI/AAAAAAAACIU/bcOFvNTGSuQ/s400/top10.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516797287657014962" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Boredom Fix</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Make a deal with yourself: If you stay on task for a certain period of time, you earn a 10-minute break. Reward yourself with coffee, a favorite snack, or a walk outside. Boring tasks are easier to accomplish when you have something to look forward to. This is also one case where multitasking may work well. Listening to the radio while filing receipts could help you stay put long enough to finish the job.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-Z5OPLcWI/AAAAAAAACIM/q5a7f_tYz4M/s1600/top11.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-Z5OPLcWI/AAAAAAAACIM/q5a7f_tYz4M/s400/top11.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516797276905501026" border="0" /></a><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Culprit: Nagging Thoughts</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It's hard to focus on the work in front of you if you're worrying about errands you need to run or housework to be done. Or perhaps you're hung up on a conversation you had yesterday, and you keep replaying it in your mind. Nagging thoughts of any sort can be a powerful distraction.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-Z4mp30oI/AAAAAAAACIE/4MtG-VT5LkY/s1600/top12.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-Z4mp30oI/AAAAAAAACIE/4MtG-VT5LkY/s400/top12.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516797266280043138" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Nagging Thoughts Fix</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">One way to keep nagging thoughts from buzzing around in your brain is to write them down. Make a list of errands, housework, or other tasks you plan to complete later. Vent frustrations over an unpleasant confrontation in your journal. Once these thoughts are on paper, you may be able to let them go for awhile.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-Z33AOCpI/AAAAAAAACH8/5A3Eubs8x6o/s1600/top13.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-Z33AOCpI/AAAAAAAACH8/5A3Eubs8x6o/s400/top13.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516797253488872082" border="0" /></a><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Culprit: Stress</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">When you feel like you have too much on your plate, it can be hard to focus on individual tasks. To make matters worse, stress takes a noticeable toll on the body. You may develop tight shoulders, headaches, or a racing heart, all of which can chip away at your ability to concentrate.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-Z3vsgnBI/AAAAAAAACH0/COSbJxnaxOI/s1600/top14.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-Z3vsgnBI/AAAAAAAACH0/COSbJxnaxOI/s400/top14.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516797251527154706" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Stress Fix</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Learn stress reduction techniques, such as meditation. This can help you rein in stressful thoughts, so they don't demand so much of your attention. In one study, researchers found that people who took an eight-week meditation course improved their ability to focus. If you can't find a meditation class locally, look for one online.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-YXCDXAHI/AAAAAAAACHs/M5DkMAakeB8/s1600/top15.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-YXCDXAHI/AAAAAAAACHs/M5DkMAakeB8/s400/top15.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516795590007521394" border="0" /></a><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>Culprit: Fatigue</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Fatigue can make it tough to concentrate, even when you have few distractions. Studies suggest too little sleep can sap your attention span and short-term memory. </div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-YWuOhS1I/AAAAAAAACHk/3TaS1ZMtUbU/s1600/top16.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-YWuOhS1I/AAAAAAAACHk/3TaS1ZMtUbU/s400/top16.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516795584685624146" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Fatigue Fix</span></b></div><div>Most adults need 7-9 hours of sleep per night. Instead of burning the midnight oil, make sleep a priority. This will help you get more done during your waking hours. Also, pay attention to which times of day you feel most alert. Then you'll know when to schedule your most intense tasks.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-YVfqzPgI/AAAAAAAACHc/jsqPMLpdw40/s1600/top17.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-YVfqzPgI/AAAAAAAACHc/jsqPMLpdw40/s400/top17.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516795563597839874" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Culprit: Hunger</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The brain can't focus without fuel, so skipping meals – especially breakfast – is a top concentration killer. Research indicates short-term memory and attention suffer when you rise and shine but do not dine.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-YVM7TzmI/AAAAAAAACHU/IHDYwOrowVk/s1600/top18.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-YVM7TzmI/AAAAAAAACHU/IHDYwOrowVk/s400/top18.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516795558566809186" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Hunger Fix</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Keep hunger at bay and give your brain a steady source of fuel with these habits:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li>Always eat breakfast.</li><li>Eat high-protein snacks (cheese, nuts)</li><li>Skip simple carbs (sweets, white pasta)</li><li>Choose complex carbs (whole grains)</li></ul></div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-YUg7fFcI/AAAAAAAACHM/FxySvMOWFik/s1600/top19.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-YUg7fFcI/AAAAAAAACHM/FxySvMOWFik/s400/top19.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516795546756388290" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Culprit: Depression</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Most people tend to think of sadness as the hallmark of depression. But the National Institute of Mental Health says difficulty concentrating is one of the most common symptoms. If you're having trouble focusing, and you also feel empty, hopeless, or indifferent, you may be experiencing depression.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-XMDjzMbI/AAAAAAAACHE/izThCfNcBQ0/s1600/top20.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-XMDjzMbI/AAAAAAAACHE/izThCfNcBQ0/s400/top20.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516794301921833394" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Depression Fix</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">If you think you might be depressed, the first step is to talk with a doctor or counselor. Depression is highly treatable. Many studies have shown the effectiveness of antidepressant medications and certain types of talk therapy.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-XLlBGIkI/AAAAAAAACG8/V1b8GGx626M/s1600/top21.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-XLlBGIkI/AAAAAAAACG8/V1b8GGx626M/s400/top21.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516794293723210306" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Culprit: Medication</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Unfortunately, some of the medications used to treat depression can interfere with concentration. The same is true of many other drugs. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist to check if a medication or supplement you are taking may be affecting your concentration.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-XLKm8oNI/AAAAAAAACG0/3FXLmGLW7v8/s1600/top22.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-XLKm8oNI/AAAAAAAACG0/3FXLmGLW7v8/s400/top22.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516794286634213586" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Medication Fix</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">If you suspect your meds are clouding your concentration, don't assume there are no other options. Talk to your doctor about adjusting your dosage or switching to a different class of medication.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-XKUPF8II/AAAAAAAACGs/9Poz1SFQImU/s1600/top23.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-XKUPF8II/AAAAAAAACGs/9Poz1SFQImU/s400/top23.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516794272038645890" border="0" /></a><div><b><span class="Apple-style-span">Culprit: ADHD</span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not just a problem for children. More than half of kids with ADHD continue to experience symptoms as adults. The classic signs are a short attention span and trouble focusing on tasks.</div><div><br /></div><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-XJ6Ol7tI/AAAAAAAACGk/ole3BuJ-LNI/s1600/top24.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 272px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_JCZvRTy2RWs/TI-XJ6Ol7tI/AAAAAAAACGk/ole3BuJ-LNI/s400/top24.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516794265057226450" border="0" /></a><div><span class="Apple-style-span"><b>ADHD Fix</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">If you have consistent trouble focusing, and you had attention problems as a child, ask a doctor or counselor about ADHD. There are ways to manage the condition, including behavioral therapy and medications.</div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div><br /></div><div><b>SOURCE</b>: <a href="http://www.webmd.com/">WebMD</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><i>*Article and pictures are properties of WebMD. Posted here for sharing purpose only. Please visit the main site. No copyright infringement intended.</i></div></div>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-36866745816045069092010-09-14T06:54:00.000-07:002011-02-19T19:44:14.611-08:00Slides Picture of SMS 3033: Part 2Pathophysiology Of Reproductive System: Lab Report 2<br /><br />Can anyone help to explain these slides? All the slides are of histo-pathology. I am not sure of the name for each slides, but should I'm not mistaken, the arrangement are as follow:<br /><br />1. Cervical Tumour<br />2. Endometrial Cancer<br />3. Endometrium Degeneration<br />4. Endometrium Interstitialoma<br />5. Ovary Cyst<br />Pathological changes of:<br />6. Placenta-Artery<br />7. Placenta-Vein<br />8. Umbilical Cord<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Yhad8K05VZWFgb0QAGWxZZ3-ENpdl3zlQhRcyxI1fM-9LQOMv5eFJdHbS5uQaowc8V1FeCNyBzs_Vrel59g37HEZiRGdVq-sZEsXCJgR5xFANIcn0tO-O803YE0nXfJqdhlpFXXX5bI/s1600/Endometrium+Interstitialoma.jpg"><br /></a>Do inform me if the naming are wrong.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwdCPSiWDCBLe0FKqKkLQVAI6SvXtNX45HhXXWjXvTpeLYeAuPvHvZsTca4R_EADj3mshzlttNCt-fyuAJk5bvIX5VmSwfACDatSS_RsFZuLmhFddDm10QqHp3_ur5YmGrMOALVMG6wqI/s1600/Endometrial+Cancer.jpg"><br /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9puJxo0d3mqM1W5vva4djH1nOILaWaftIH1FFASWeyFl-ofXdXd5T0iRdXbU2b4syRc7nf6_3D1n9lszCQg8b5-mJyBAzMdkl0_WaB1_JHWGGdIaqaVxIitIX6SjOfJGfOyN1o5SndBU/s1600/Cervical+Tumour.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9puJxo0d3mqM1W5vva4djH1nOILaWaftIH1FFASWeyFl-ofXdXd5T0iRdXbU2b4syRc7nf6_3D1n9lszCQg8b5-mJyBAzMdkl0_WaB1_JHWGGdIaqaVxIitIX6SjOfJGfOyN1o5SndBU/s400/Cervical+Tumour.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516767782782724530" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwdCPSiWDCBLe0FKqKkLQVAI6SvXtNX45HhXXWjXvTpeLYeAuPvHvZsTca4R_EADj3mshzlttNCt-fyuAJk5bvIX5VmSwfACDatSS_RsFZuLmhFddDm10QqHp3_ur5YmGrMOALVMG6wqI/s1600/Endometrial+Cancer.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwdCPSiWDCBLe0FKqKkLQVAI6SvXtNX45HhXXWjXvTpeLYeAuPvHvZsTca4R_EADj3mshzlttNCt-fyuAJk5bvIX5VmSwfACDatSS_RsFZuLmhFddDm10QqHp3_ur5YmGrMOALVMG6wqI/s400/Endometrial+Cancer.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516767791590148338" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsw6D2ynPLOM_aivFXKDQn_N1LTXW6peho3Pc5GEzgb_iGN2Fk9FCz88qC7ZjLOn-42ylN1t4OcCRbd9UC7yVLd_inJcynsakFodrEOQvuxDXyea6d7b0yizOPa3tZ-ShVmk3NqV7kb6c/s1600/Endometrium+Degeneration.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsw6D2ynPLOM_aivFXKDQn_N1LTXW6peho3Pc5GEzgb_iGN2Fk9FCz88qC7ZjLOn-42ylN1t4OcCRbd9UC7yVLd_inJcynsakFodrEOQvuxDXyea6d7b0yizOPa3tZ-ShVmk3NqV7kb6c/s400/Endometrium+Degeneration.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516767805069058290" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Yhad8K05VZWFgb0QAGWxZZ3-ENpdl3zlQhRcyxI1fM-9LQOMv5eFJdHbS5uQaowc8V1FeCNyBzs_Vrel59g37HEZiRGdVq-sZEsXCJgR5xFANIcn0tO-O803YE0nXfJqdhlpFXXX5bI/s1600/Endometrium+Interstitialoma.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0Yhad8K05VZWFgb0QAGWxZZ3-ENpdl3zlQhRcyxI1fM-9LQOMv5eFJdHbS5uQaowc8V1FeCNyBzs_Vrel59g37HEZiRGdVq-sZEsXCJgR5xFANIcn0tO-O803YE0nXfJqdhlpFXXX5bI/s400/Endometrium+Interstitialoma.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516767806528109426" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_050B3q2vFrarutQ9DkBb_6FpIA5e7_kUioS2ovosIvHYBsEM7nLxAyXavfEOZ6irSdqeVMnXpYc-K4UMJrwYKM6sUE3O2E97bifqB19yCORFLlewMePHUIJcOLe8eIfM0smjUxSJfSc/s1600/Ovary+Cyst.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_050B3q2vFrarutQ9DkBb_6FpIA5e7_kUioS2ovosIvHYBsEM7nLxAyXavfEOZ6irSdqeVMnXpYc-K4UMJrwYKM6sUE3O2E97bifqB19yCORFLlewMePHUIJcOLe8eIfM0smjUxSJfSc/s400/Ovary+Cyst.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516767815109206834" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnv_JCoxm4GCnNvd9B497x3dWuQIqO1c0oZCO27hNsDYUFmaHArQ2HMS3SVmKAFXBs0NHMlHeh2ShIBkpv4KUmhP-FESFRHdnzuDjEXtxdCzRYzv8v4rgxc6emI45IxYGAoRmqi8SWwg8/s1600/Placenta+Artery+Pathological+Changes.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnv_JCoxm4GCnNvd9B497x3dWuQIqO1c0oZCO27hNsDYUFmaHArQ2HMS3SVmKAFXBs0NHMlHeh2ShIBkpv4KUmhP-FESFRHdnzuDjEXtxdCzRYzv8v4rgxc6emI45IxYGAoRmqi8SWwg8/s400/Placenta+Artery+Pathological+Changes.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516768608183227682" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZidOMs4iRLQzUBkVT-JNyHDqBbmZkI1b6qXP-fcTuAxsM56D6xBtATRaO4x3ghj10R9_kWfvBis5jtGsoYUuLjjhOri6SjaRW6TPg6OpITNLDg2g-Fq_jpOcsosCKl_e3oFImabEklVk/s1600/Placenta+Pre-eclampsia.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZidOMs4iRLQzUBkVT-JNyHDqBbmZkI1b6qXP-fcTuAxsM56D6xBtATRaO4x3ghj10R9_kWfvBis5jtGsoYUuLjjhOri6SjaRW6TPg6OpITNLDg2g-Fq_jpOcsosCKl_e3oFImabEklVk/s400/Placenta+Pre-eclampsia.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516768615484262738" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn4KqmXzbCWdXNrPXwINGrkdygkhmZUSFYSxUCgPnG_bQ6gw8euNekKmvtoDoMHuWrkXdOLgAV73Er0FQJkFIuvgroOPUcuuOagmyc6luFrpb_keyGlFstaIsH-tgsx8vw_PnGMaHD9VM/s1600/Placenta-Vein+Pathological+Changes.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn4KqmXzbCWdXNrPXwINGrkdygkhmZUSFYSxUCgPnG_bQ6gw8euNekKmvtoDoMHuWrkXdOLgAV73Er0FQJkFIuvgroOPUcuuOagmyc6luFrpb_keyGlFstaIsH-tgsx8vw_PnGMaHD9VM/s400/Placenta-Vein+Pathological+Changes.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516768620933839490" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5K8_h_ClyXYUtpbkdotvx0LoM8wIiiPZ-DBeXuOYwx-FKzBzW1wtAAKHGWR3v2U3BBZJGQCqzP6j8_7mssRe-v53iFfKlglFIHBakz9md_V9NdEc8-wnmE-AWKQNOHce6PJF5X-Oqq9o/s1600/Umbilical+Cord+Pathological+Changes.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5K8_h_ClyXYUtpbkdotvx0LoM8wIiiPZ-DBeXuOYwx-FKzBzW1wtAAKHGWR3v2U3BBZJGQCqzP6j8_7mssRe-v53iFfKlglFIHBakz9md_V9NdEc8-wnmE-AWKQNOHce6PJF5X-Oqq9o/s400/Umbilical+Cord+Pathological+Changes.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516768626463496146" border="0" /></a>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-41392563046448865322010-09-14T06:11:00.000-07:002011-02-19T19:44:14.612-08:00Slides Picture of SMS 3033: Part 1Pathophysiology Of Reproductive System: Lab Report 1<br /><br />Can anyone help to explain these slides? All the slides are of normal histology.<br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBhPQ8LDskBsvt9X3IT1No2IUpbVYOnHwcxeYzYSU9kBid265JPc0k9dC6ddq_s2YFVENGoan1NdIW8X5QIT1KSNkuowzHgRTezxouziWJ5_A7YubIBNPMNikdsy_y9WXtnAq0ZH0JmTU/s1600/Ovary.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBhPQ8LDskBsvt9X3IT1No2IUpbVYOnHwcxeYzYSU9kBid265JPc0k9dC6ddq_s2YFVENGoan1NdIW8X5QIT1KSNkuowzHgRTezxouziWJ5_A7YubIBNPMNikdsy_y9WXtnAq0ZH0JmTU/s400/Ovary.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516756736705447586" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQimZNvzteAxvY5bE0j0a6zkwxSuOUAVBk-nAl7aGkura3WyY5rJRpZvDBt4qIzoMc_rLdhBn6ELYeeRVIowT6yzubcXw_NZpGSK6PoZ2cH1Kz7PcIeDAtp7nxfFRfsATLnyLxM0TXnN8/s1600/Ovary+%282%29.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQimZNvzteAxvY5bE0j0a6zkwxSuOUAVBk-nAl7aGkura3WyY5rJRpZvDBt4qIzoMc_rLdhBn6ELYeeRVIowT6yzubcXw_NZpGSK6PoZ2cH1Kz7PcIeDAtp7nxfFRfsATLnyLxM0TXnN8/s400/Ovary+%282%29.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516756743893669858" border="0" /></a>Ovary<br /><br />...<br /><br /></div><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfZ-mLrMwxsyCrFT2tQ-xhbA-7QED3QHZdJmNMVWu7X3fs6lVjuO7dmIqIFWqeMmM5rJbSQ1h0uAPNiQy6LQtjxfBo_B9bI3-TYxj-4L7hbxGNDd0KtaHhPFtujaz_S79AY3b4QYHxr0M/s1600/Uterine+tube.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfZ-mLrMwxsyCrFT2tQ-xhbA-7QED3QHZdJmNMVWu7X3fs6lVjuO7dmIqIFWqeMmM5rJbSQ1h0uAPNiQy6LQtjxfBo_B9bI3-TYxj-4L7hbxGNDd0KtaHhPFtujaz_S79AY3b4QYHxr0M/s400/Uterine+tube.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516756753786933938" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2fSTPzz9aS7Q9a5SkbvKpgodVTqzVuDGo7j_mgFnaqOqODin8Sen5wqqqPJBCccwLwCJcXkNnqoKIrGfbKzrNxpfcUnjz5NyWstCtk45vbzGDbmSFzEH3CBGewg6mn1T9HWgQJzHznNY/s1600/Uterine+tube+%282%29.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2fSTPzz9aS7Q9a5SkbvKpgodVTqzVuDGo7j_mgFnaqOqODin8Sen5wqqqPJBCccwLwCJcXkNnqoKIrGfbKzrNxpfcUnjz5NyWstCtk45vbzGDbmSFzEH3CBGewg6mn1T9HWgQJzHznNY/s400/Uterine+tube+%282%29.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516756760900610050" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAEbi92WPwfGaUt_qAgqkJ1d3w-ZIBW3-Mf3DL4WMNlw9kRU2VEy_CMhen2Gp2aMEdujlI7E58Nua5WizyGSOx4-pD5EJtwI0VpRkv9yZqZzPuqd3PsGZ3gGXPCj4eFLYgLUUhHSusIAY/s1600/Uterine+tube+%283%29.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAEbi92WPwfGaUt_qAgqkJ1d3w-ZIBW3-Mf3DL4WMNlw9kRU2VEy_CMhen2Gp2aMEdujlI7E58Nua5WizyGSOx4-pD5EJtwI0VpRkv9yZqZzPuqd3PsGZ3gGXPCj4eFLYgLUUhHSusIAY/s400/Uterine+tube+%283%29.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516756766182264370" border="0" /></a>Uterine Tube<br /><br />...<br /></div><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj64EJQIkr-8cP11nxoLpyOCPNiPm9REIhX8QdwvIcsU4KrlYv_Pcg-wnDxBWgQ3VU3w87HEk51ZQS3nAsMA7gpHUd84VO_sxlc1wf1hGtsOerWdDOSaCZnkF7zIq5okozWPuuHs61-aoI/s1600/Uterus.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj64EJQIkr-8cP11nxoLpyOCPNiPm9REIhX8QdwvIcsU4KrlYv_Pcg-wnDxBWgQ3VU3w87HEk51ZQS3nAsMA7gpHUd84VO_sxlc1wf1hGtsOerWdDOSaCZnkF7zIq5okozWPuuHs61-aoI/s400/Uterus.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516757701739484002" border="0" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8GFGqQsvSzUSY1vJk_AnLQ9RVEkvMeOC1VaRBU5vlupWoPIzgm3f5FstcS2YFZ9Di7F-dbbZOv9GNJdEWaIVn-dpQ_NKVQqC4klsYlmEGVFUdB6l-iQmprQxDHE8pQXwH9qx6HagKdrs/s1600/Uterus+%282%29.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8GFGqQsvSzUSY1vJk_AnLQ9RVEkvMeOC1VaRBU5vlupWoPIzgm3f5FstcS2YFZ9Di7F-dbbZOv9GNJdEWaIVn-dpQ_NKVQqC4klsYlmEGVFUdB6l-iQmprQxDHE8pQXwH9qx6HagKdrs/s400/Uterus+%282%29.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516757709102390962" border="0" /></a>Uterus<br /><br />...<br /></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib5fnNAyRd36iEbQaBlnjT1wDCHUkEbw77gCqLpX2EYjT3WTNxW07IFsAbdzdnGew6gNJsTXujXQS2f6B80boGUtwhXBqNw3zaT7WmLhdvQTeq2tnRnF7jJ1CIGLtfdzKfH4we1mUJXaQ/s1600/Uterus+Cervix+junction.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib5fnNAyRd36iEbQaBlnjT1wDCHUkEbw77gCqLpX2EYjT3WTNxW07IFsAbdzdnGew6gNJsTXujXQS2f6B80boGUtwhXBqNw3zaT7WmLhdvQTeq2tnRnF7jJ1CIGLtfdzKfH4we1mUJXaQ/s400/Uterus+Cervix+junction.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516757716643725154" border="0" /></a><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBparEd-FXgUvqb6Lwwt6xeVelJOy6Oe0CLGm8ssejaSMAQ6Q1ePLxohOjCcMzxEgHpW26ECUf95B95xdKpSX8jP6hcg5UNLXttyeC2otEkuQTCAg8Kebsz6NIaa0DwbXejnivu0CUQtY/s1600/Uterus+Cervix+junction+%282%29.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBparEd-FXgUvqb6Lwwt6xeVelJOy6Oe0CLGm8ssejaSMAQ6Q1ePLxohOjCcMzxEgHpW26ECUf95B95xdKpSX8jP6hcg5UNLXttyeC2otEkuQTCAg8Kebsz6NIaa0DwbXejnivu0CUQtY/s400/Uterus+Cervix+junction+%282%29.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5516757722712712178" border="0" /></a>Uterus Cervix Junction<br />1st picture is the Uterus, 2nd is the Cervix<br /><br /><br /><br /></div>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-50573985253078140512010-09-12T21:33:00.000-07:002011-01-14T18:13:51.333-08:00Holes in medical coverage<span class="story_date">Sunday September 12, 2010</span><br /><p><span class="story_header">Holes in medical coverage</span></p> <p><span class="story_byline">By JOSEPH LOH<br /><a href="mailto:sunday@thestar.com.my">sunday@thestar.com.my</a></span></p> <p><b>When buying medical insurance, make sure to study the terms and conditions properly to avoid being short-changed at the critical moment.</b></p> <p> WHEN R. Samy* found his wife unconscious on the bedroom floor, he feared the worst for her. Fortunately – or so he thought – she had a medical insurance policy so they did not have to worry about paying the hospital bills.</p> <p>He took her to a panel hospital under the insurance company and she was admitted. The following day, while still fretting over his wife’s well-being, Samy received a rude shock: her insurer had declined to issue a guarantee letter for her treatment. The reason – there were pre-existing conditions that she did not state when purchasing the policy.</p> <p>According to Samy, these ranged from her having a sinus problem and a heart condition. He says she does not suffer from such conditions and has doctors’ reports to prove it.</p> <div class="story_image left" style="width: 174px;"> <img src="http://thestar.com.my/archives/2010/9/12/nation/n_22heng.jpg" alt="" height="219" width="160" /> <span class="caption">»We do everything to ensure agents advise and sell policies properly« HENG ZEE WANG</span> </div> <p>Another reason stated was that she had a history of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. It was merely a consult done with the family doctor four years ago during her menopause, Samy maintains.</p> <p>He was asked to settle the hospital bill upon her discharge and would be reimbursed by the insurers later. He was unable to pay the bill, however, and it remains unsettled till now. He has received a lawyer’s letter from the hospital demanding payment.</p> <p>“When they sold the policy, they promised the moon and the sky and said everything would be taken care of. It was not cheap – about RM2,400 annually,” Samy says, adding that the terms and conditions were not clearly outlined to him before the policy was signed.</p> <p>“The policy is 30 to 40 pages long. With all its legal terms, it may as well be written in a foreign language. How do you expect a layman to understand it?”</p> <p>He feels aggrieved because the company has yet to clearly state the grounds for its denial to issue a guarantee letter. He also believes it is on a witch-hunt to find reasons to avoid paying the claim.</p> <p>“I have even gone to Bank Negara but nothing has come of it. I now have no choice but to take legal action against the company.”</p> <p>Samy’s tale is but one “horror story” involving medical insurance claims (see accompanying story for two more examples).</p> <p>His expectations are legitimate as he paid good money to ensure he would be covered in a medical emergency. But for reasons that he could not comprehend, that was denied.</p> <p>It is not far-fetched to say that all medical policy holders have a similar expectation.</p> <p>But Federation of Malaysian Consumers Associations (Fomca) secretary-general Muhammad Sha’ani Abdullah is sceptical about medical insurance’s effectiveness as a comprehensive solution for the healthcare needs of the people.</p> <p>“Insurance companies are commercial entities whose objective is to minimise exposure and maximise profits,” says Sha’ani, who is also the National Consumer Complaints Centre (NCCC) chief executive.</p> <p>He believes that in order to reduce risk, medical insurance caters to healthy people and avoids the “risky” population.</p> <p>He says he has heard many complaints from consumers who find out that cover is restricted, or will not be provided, when they are seeking treatment.</p> <p>“Fomca does not recommend it as a fool-proof measure. People assume that medical insurance will take care of any eventuality so they keep on paying. Then, when they need protection, they find it is not adequate.”</p> <p>Sha’ani believes policies are being sold without ensuring the customer fully understands the terms and conditions.</p> <p>Citing policies that do not require a prior medical check-up, he says: “Some don’t say that you must disclose existing health problems – they just fill up the form and take payment. Only when the claim is submitted will they investigate for pre-existing medical conditions. And this is after regularly paying premiums for a year.”</p> <p>The onus is on the company to ensure the customer does not buy a product without proper protection, he stresses.</p> <p>Malaysian Medical Association (MMA) president Dr David K. L. Quek acknowledges that disputes do happen in medical insurance claims.</p> <p>But, he says, it is important for the customer to know what he is buying and be aware that not everything will be covered.</p> <p>He gives the example where someone goes to a hospital because he feels unwell. Unknown to him, the condition is not life-threatening but he insists on getting a full medical check-up.</p> <p>“Health insurance is not a blank cheque for you to be checked from head to toe. All this costs extra money and it is not fair to you or the insurers,” he says.</p> <p>“The whole idea of insurance is to share out the risk. So you get treatment when you need it, not when you demand it.”</p> <p>He points out that generally you get what you pay for.</p> <p>“You cannot buy insurance for a few hundred ringgit and expect to get the best care.”</p> <p>When two commercial entities (private hospitals and insurance companies) come head to head, there are bound to be points of contention. Unfortunately, it is the patient who is caught in the middle. Problems can arise because insurance companies insist on discounts, which some private hospitals are not willing to give.</p> <p>Medical insurance is essentially a contract between the insured and the insurer with all the terms and conditions stated in black and white in the policy document. By signing the document, the customer agrees to the terms and conditions and is bound to them to the letter.</p> <p>“Customers must be wary when they buy medical insurance. They have to investigate and shop around. They should never assume it will cover everything and must check the coverage provided,” advises Sha’ani.</p> <p>Heng Zee Wang, Prudential Assurance Malaysia Bhd chief product and marketing officer, says customers should be aware that what they are purchasing will suit their needs.</p> <p>“What insurance to buy depends on your financial capability. Lower level plans come with lower coverage so look at what you want to cover and what you can afford,” he says.</p> <p>And as with any contract, both parties should be well aware of the terms and conditions they are agreeing to.</p> <p>Heng points out that insurance policies typically have a list of exclusions where the insured cannot make claims. Examples of these are injuries caused by natural disasters, riots, under the influence of illegal substances, and even radioactive contamination. Even some conditions, such as AIDS, and communicable diseases requiring quarantine, like SARS, are excluded.</p> <p>Apart from the exclusions, each insurance company will also have its own terms and conditions, and it is crucial that the customer clearly understands what they are.</p> <p>There are some typical ones that must be properly communicated to or understood by the customer. He may feel cheated if denied a claim because of these.</p> <p>These include disclosure of pre-existing conditions (where it is the customer’s responsibility to inform the insurer of any previous medical condition); co-insurance (where the customer pays a portion of the hospital bill); investigative admission (going for a medical check-up, which is not covered); as well as annual and lifetime limits (amount that can be claimed within one year, and over the entire course of the policy).</p> <p>Whose responsibility is it to ensure the nitty-gritty details of each policy are fully communicated to the customer?</p> <p>Heng says both parties bear a part of it. “We train our agents to explain as much as possible but it is also important for the customer himself to ensure he is aware of and fully understands the terms and conditions. There are many important points, and customers should be proactive and ask as many questions as necessary before signing.”</p> <p>Heng assures that his company goes through a rigid process of recruiting agents and have high training requirements.</p> <p>“From the company’s point of view, we do everything to ensure agents advise and sell policies properly to customers. If we find out that certain agents do not, we will take action.”</p> <p>Heng also advises policy holders to contact their insurers at the first possible instance before seeking treatment. This is to ensure that they are aware of the proper procedure and cover provided and avoid being saddled with costs that they have to bear themselves.</p> <p><b> Healthcare for all</b></p> <p>As it stands, Malaysians have two avenues to obtain potentially expensive medical treatment which they will not be able to afford on their own. The first is from public hospitals, and the second is with medical insurance.</p> <p>Sha’ani says public hospitals typically have a long waiting list and treatment may not reach the sick in time. As he believes that medical insurance is inadequate, then it is the Government which should come up with a solution.</p> <p>“Everybody has the right to proper healthcare. If insurance cannot give proper cover, then the state should provide it.</p> <p>“In the first place, healthcare should not be commercialised – it is the state’s responsibility,” he stresses.</p> <p>Referring to the proposed National Health Financing Scheme, which has been bandied about for some time but has not yet materialised, as a potential solution, he says: “We can follow the Socso model; everyone contributes and that scheme will protect everyone.”</p> <p>Dr Quek says recent reforms such as that introduced in the United States would be welcome, as well as schemes such as Medicare and Medicaid, which provide for the older generation and low-income groups respectively.</p> <p>“Right now, the Government spends about 2% of the nation’s GDP on healthcare, which is about RM13bil. If they can allocate more, to about RM30bil, then a lot more ground can be covered.”</p> <p>He says a healthcare model based on Socso or EPF can work, but everybody has to pay for it, including public servants.</p> <p>“The private sector should not have to bear all the costs. If public servants do not pay, then the Government should pay on their behalf,” says Dr Quek.</p> <p><i>*Real names withheld to protect identity</i></p>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-81458291726784739542010-07-20T13:48:00.000-07:002011-01-14T18:14:37.701-08:00Duchenne muscular dystrophy<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CANUARA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CANUARA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link 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mso-list-template-ids:-529240478;} @list l3:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:36.0pt; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-18.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0cm;} ul {margin-bottom:0cm;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <h1>Duchenne muscular dystrophy</h1> <p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder that involves rapidly worsening <span class="printuse">muscle weakness</span>.</p> <h4>Causes</h4> <p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a rapidly-worsening form of <span class="printuse">muscular dystrophy</span>. Other muscular dystrophies (including <span class="printuse">Becker's muscular dystrophy</span>) get worse much more slowly.</p> <p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a defective gene for dystrophin (a <span class="printuse">protein</span> in the muscles). However, it often occurs in people without a known family history of the condition.</p> <p>Because of the way the disease is inherited, males are more likely to develop symptoms than are women. The sons of females who are carriers of the disease (women with a defective gene but no symptoms themselves) each have a 50% chance of having the disease. The daughters each have a 50% chance of being carriers.</p> <p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy occurs in approximately 1 out of every 3,600 male infants. Because this is an inherited disorder, risks include a family history of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</p> <h4>Symptoms</h4> <p>Symptoms usually appear before age 6 and may appear as early as infancy. They may include:</p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="printuse">Fatigue</span> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Mental retardation (possible, but does not worsen over time)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Muscle weakness </li><ul type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Begins in the legs and pelvis, but also occurs less severely in the arms, neck, and other areas of the body</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Difficulty with motor skills (running, hopping, jumping)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Frequent falls</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Rapidly worsening weakness</li></ul><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Progressive<span class="screenuse"> </span><span class="printuse">difficulty walking</span> </li><ul type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Ability to walk may be lost by age 12</li></ul></ul> <p>By age 10, the person may need braces for walking. By age 12, most patients are confined to a wheelchair.</p> <h4>Exams and Tests</h4> <p>A complete nervous system (neurological), heart, lung, and muscle exam may show:</p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Abnormal heart muscle (<span class="printuse">cardiomyopathy</span>)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="printuse">Congestive heart failure</span> or irregular heart rhythm (<span class="printuse">arrhythmias</span>) -- rare</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Deformities of the chest and back (<span class="printuse">scoliosis</span>)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Enlarged calf muscles, which are eventually replaced by fat and connective tissue (pseudohypertrophy)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Loss of muscle mass (<span class="printuse">wasting</span>)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="printuse">Muscle contractures</span> in the heels, legs</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Muscle deformities</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Respiratory disorders, including <span class="printuse">pneumonia</span> and <span class="printuse">aspiration</span> of food or fluid into the lungs (in late stages of the disease)</li></ul> <p>Tests may include:</p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Electromyography (<span class="printuse">EMG</span>)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Genetic tests</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="printuse">Muscle biopsy</span> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="printuse">Serum CPK</span> </li></ul> <h4>Treatment</h4> <p>There is no known cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Treatment aims to control symptoms to maximize quality of life. Gene therapy may become available in the future.</p> <p>Activity is encouraged. Inactivity (such as bedrest) can worsen the muscle disease. Physical therapy may be helpful to maintain muscle strength and function. Orthopedic appliances (such as braces and wheelchairs) may improve mobility and the ability to care for yourself.</p> <h4><a name="Expectations_prognosis"></a>Outlook (Prognosis)</h4> <p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy leads to quickly worsening disability. Death usually occurs by age 25, typically from lung disorders.</p> <h4>Possible Complications</h4> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Cardiomyopathy</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Congestive heart failure (rare)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Deformities</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Heart arrhythmias (rare)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Mental impairment (varies, usually minimal)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Permanent, progressive disability </li><ul type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Decreased mobility</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Decreased ability to care for self</li></ul><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Pneumonia or other respiratory infections</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Respiratory failure</li></ul> <h4>Alternative Names</h4> <p>Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy; Muscular dystrophy - Duchenne type</p> Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-21834515816732170112010-07-20T13:39:00.000-07:002011-01-14T18:14:37.702-08:00Becker muscular dystrophy<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CANUARA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CANUARA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" 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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <h1>Becker muscular dystrophy</h1> <p>Becker muscular dystrophy is an inherited disorder that involves slowly worsening <span class="screenuse">muscle weakness </span><span class="printuse">muscle weakness</span> of the legs and pelvis.<a name="Causes_incidence_and_risk_factors"></a></p> <h4>Causes</h4> <p>Becker muscular dystrophy is very similar to <span class="screenuse">Duchenne muscular dystrophy</span>, except that it gets worse at a much slower rate.</p> <p>The disorder is passed down through families (inherited). Having a family history of the condition raises your risk.</p> <p>Becker muscular dystrophy occurs in approximately 3 - 6 out of every 100,000 males. It is less common than Duchenne muscular dystrophy.</p> <h4><a name="Symptoms"></a>Symptoms</h4> <p>Females rarely develop symptoms. Males will develop symptoms if they inherit the defective gene. Symptoms usually appear in boys at about age 12, but may begin later.</p> <p>Muscle weakness of the lower body, including the legs and pelvis area, slowly gets worse, causing:</p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="printuse">Difficulty walking</span> that gets worse over time; by age 25-30 the person is usually unable to walk </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Frequent falls</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Difficulty with running, hopping, and jumping</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Loss of muscle mass</li></ul> <p>Muscle weakness in the arms, neck, and other areas is not as severe as in the lower body.</p> <p>Other symptoms may include:</p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Breathing problems</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Cognitive problems (these do not get worse over time)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="printuse">Fatigue</span> </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Loss of balance and coordination</li></ul> <h4><a name="Signs_and_tests"></a>Exams and Tests</h4> <p>The health care provider will do a nervous system (neurological) and muscle examination. A careful medical history is also important, because the pattern of symptom development resembles that of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. However, Becker muscular dystrophy gets worse much more slowly.</p> <p>An exam may find:</p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Abnormally developed bones, leading to deformities of the chest and back (<span class="printuse">scoliosis</span>)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Abnormality of heart muscle function (<span class="printuse">cardiomyopathy</span>)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="printuse">Congestive heart failure</span> or irregular heartbeat (<span class="printuse">arrhythmias</span>) - rare</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Muscle deformities, including: </li><ul type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="printuse">Contractures</span> of heels and legs</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Abnormal fat and connective tissue in calf muscles</li></ul><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Muscle loss that begins in the legs and pelvis, then moves on to the muscles of the shoulders, neck, arms, and respiratory system</li></ul> <p>Tests that may be done include:</p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="printuse">CPK</span> blood test</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Electromyography (<span class="printuse">EMG</span>) nerve testing</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="printuse">Muscle biopsy</span> or genetic blood test</li></ul> <h4><a name="Treatment"></a>Treatment</h4> <p>There is no known cure for Becker muscular dystrophy. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms to maximize the person's quality of life. Some doctors prescribe steroids to help keep a patient walking for as long as possible.</p> <p>Activity is encouraged. Inactivity (such as bed rest) can make the muscle disease worse. Physical therapy may be helpful to maintain muscle strength. Orthopedic appliances such as braces and wheelchairs may improve mobility and self-care.</p> <p>Genetic counseling may be recommended. Daughters of a man with Becker muscular dystrophy may carry the defective gene and could pass it onto their sons.</p> <h4><a name="Support_Groups"></a>Outlook (Prognosis)</h4> <p>Becker muscular dystrophy leads to slowly worsening disability, although the degree of disability varies. Some men may need a wheelchair, while others may only need to use walking aids such as canes or braces.</p> <h4><a name="Complications"></a>Possible Complications</h4> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Heart-related complications such as cardiomyopathy</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Lung failure</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span class="printuse">Pneumonia</span> or other <span class="printuse">respiratory</span> infections</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Increasing and permanent disability, that leads to: </li><ul type="circle"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Decreased ability to care for self</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">Decreased mobility<a name="Calling_your_health_care_provider"></a></li></ul></ul> <h4>Alternative Names</h4> <p>Benign pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy; Becker's dystrophy</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;">
<br /></span></o:p></span></u></p> Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-89596787745901830872010-07-19T10:21:00.000-07:002011-01-14T18:14:37.702-08:00NORMAL LABORATORY VALUES<meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CANUARA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="Edit-Time-Data" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CANUARA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_editdata.mso"><!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> 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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NORMAL LABORATORY VALUES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="width: 94%; margin-left: 6.75pt; margin-right: 6.75pt;" align="left" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="94%"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Laboratory Test</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Normal Range in US Units</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Normal Range in SI Units</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">To Convert US to SI Units</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">ALT (Alanine aminotransferase)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 7-30 units/liter
<br /> M 10-55 units/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 0.12-0.50 µkat/liter
<br /> M 0.17-0.92 µkat/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.01667<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Albumin<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.1 - 4.3 g/dl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">31 - 43 g/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 10<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Alkaline Phosphatase<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 30-100 units/liter
<br /> M 45-115 units/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 0.5-1.67 µkat/liter
<br /> W 0.75-1.92 µkat/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.01667<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Amylase (serum)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">53-123 units/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.88-2.05 nkat/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.01667<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">AST (Aspartate aminotransferase)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 9-25 units/liter
<br /> M 10-40 units/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 0.15-0.42 µkat/liter
<br /> M 0.17-0.67 µkat/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.01667<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Basophils<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0-3% of lymphocytes<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.0-0.3 fraction of white blood cells<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.01<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bilirubin - Direct<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.0-0.4 mg/dl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0-7 µmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 17.1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bilirubin - Total<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.0-1.0 mg/dl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0-17 µmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 17.1<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Blood pressure<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding: 2.25pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Normal: 120/70 to 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The top number is systolic pressure, when the heart is pumping. Bottom number is diastolic pressure then the heart is at rest. Blood pressure can be too low (hypotension) or too high (hypertension).<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No conversion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">C peptide<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.5-2.0 ng/ml<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.17-0.66 nmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.33<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Calcium, serum<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8.5 -10.5 mg/dl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.1-2.6 mmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.25<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Calcium, urine<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0-300 mg/24h<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.0-7.5 mmol/24h<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.025<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 68.8pt;"> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt; height: 68.8pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cholesterol, total
<br /> Desirable
<br /> Marginal
<br /> High
<br /> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt; height: 68.8pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">239 mg/dL<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt; height: 68.8pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> 6.18 mmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt; height: 68.8pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.02586<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cholesterol, LDL
<br /> Desirable
<br /> Marginal
<br /> High
<br /> Very High<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> 190 mg/dL<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> 4.91 mmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.02586<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style="height: 89.25pt;"> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt; height: 89.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cholesterol, HDL
<br /> Desirable
<br /> Moderate
<br /> Low (heart risk)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt; height: 89.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> >60 mg/dL
<br /> 40-60 mg/dL
<br /> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt; height: 89.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> >1.55 mmol/liter
<br /> 1.03-1.55 mmol/liter
<br /> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt; height: 89.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.02586 <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cortisol: serum<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0-25 µg/dl (depends on time of day)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0-690 nmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 27.59<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Cortisol: free (urine)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">20-70 µg/dl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">55-193 nmol/24h<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 2.759<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Creatine kinase<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 40-150 units/liter
<br /> M 60-400 units/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 0.67-2.50 µkat/liter
<br /> M 1.00-6.67 µkat/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.01667<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DHEA<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 130-980 ng/dl
<br /> M 180-1250 ng/dl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 4.5-34.0 nmol/liter
<br /> M 6.24-43.3 nmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.03467<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">DHEA Sulfate<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W Pre-menopause: 12-535 µg/dl
<br /> W Post-menopause: 30-260 µg/dl
<br /> M 10-619 µg/dl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W Pre-menopause: 120-5350 µg/liter
<br /> W Post-menopause: 300-2600 µg/liter
<br /> M 100-6190 µg/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 10<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Eosinophils<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0-8% of white blood cells<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.0-0.8 fraction of white blood cells<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.01<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Sed Rate)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W<=30 mm/h
<br /> M<=20 mm/h<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W<=30 mm/h
<br /> M<=20 mm/h<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No conversion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Folate<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.1-17.5 ng/ml<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7.0-39.7 nmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 2.266<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Glucose, urine<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><0.05></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><0.003></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.05551<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Glucose, plasma<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">70-110 mg/dl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.9-6.1 mmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.05551<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">GGT (Gamma glutamyl transferase)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W <=45U/L
<br /> M <=65 U/L<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W <=45U/L
<br /> M <=65 U/L <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No conversion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hematocrit<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 36.0% - 46.0% of red blood cells
<br /> M 37.0% - 49.0% of red blood cells<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 0.36-0.46 fraction of red blood cells
<br /> M 0.37-0.49 fraction of red blood cells<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.01<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hemoglobin<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 12.0-16.0 g/dl
<br /> M 13.0-18.0 g/dl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 7.4-9.9 mmol/liter
<br /> M 8.1-11.2 mmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.6206<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase) (total)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><=270 U/L<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><=4.5 µkat/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.016667<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lactic acid<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.5-2.2 mmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.5-2.2 mmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No conversion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Leukocytes (WBC)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.5-11.0x10<sup>3</sup>/mm<sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.5-11.0x10<sup>9</sup>/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No conversion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lymphocytes<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16%-46% of white blood cells<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.16-0.46 fraction of white blood cells<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.01<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">25.0-35.0 pg/cell<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">25.0-35.0 pg/cell<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No conversion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">31.0-37.0 g/dl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">310-370 g/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 10<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MCV (Mean corpuscular volume)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 78-102 µm<sup>3</sup>
<br /> M 78-100 µm<sup>3</sup>
<br /> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 78-102 fl
<br /> M 78-100 fl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No conversion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Monocytes<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4-11% of white blood cells<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.04-0.11 fraction of white blood cells<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.01<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Neutrophils<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">45%-75% of white blood cells<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.45-0.75 fraction of white blood cells<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.01<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Phosphorus<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.5 – 4.5 mg/dL<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0.81-1.45 mmol/L<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.323<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Platelets (Thrombocytes)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">130 – 400 x 10 <sup>3</sup>µL<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">130 – 400 x 10 <sup>9</sup>L<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No conversion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Potassium<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.4-5.0 mmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.4-5.0 mmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No conversion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">RBC (Red blood cell count)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 3.9 – 5.2 x 10<sup>6</sup>/µL<sup>3</sup>
<br /> M 4.4 – 5.8 x 10 <sup>6</sup>/µL<sup>3</sup>
<br /> <o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 3.9 – 5.2 x 10<sup>12</sup>/L
<br /> M 4.4 – 5.8 x 10 <sup>12</sup>/L<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No conversion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sodium<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">135-145 mmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">135-145 mmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No conversion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Testosterone, total (morning sample)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 6-86 ng/dl
<br /> M 270-1070 ng/dl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">W 0.21-2.98 nmol/liter
<br /> M 9.36-37.10 nmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.03467<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Testosterone, free
<br /> Age 20-40
<br />
<br /> Age 41-60
<br />
<br /> Age 61-80
<br /> <!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]-->
<br /> <!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> W 0.6-3.1,
<br /> M 15.0-40.0 pg/ml
<br /> W 0.4-2.5,
<br /> M 13.0-35.0 pg/ml
<br /> W 0.2-2.0,
<br /> M 12.0-28.0 pg/ml<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> W 20.8-107.5,
<br /> M 520-1387 pmol/liter
<br /> W 13.9-86.7,
<br /> M 451-1213 pmol/liter
<br /> W 6.9-69.3,
<br /> M 416-971 pmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 34.67<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Triglicerides (fasting)
<br /> Normal
<br /> Borderline
<br /> High
<br /> Very high<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> 40-150 mg/dl
<br /> 150-200 mg/dl
<br /> 200-500 mg/dl
<br /> >500 mg/dl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<br /> 0.45-1.69 mmol/liter
<br /> 1.69-2.26 mmol/liter
<br /> 2.26-5.65 mmol/liter
<br /> >5.65 mmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.01129<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Urea, plasma (BUN)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8-25 mg/dl<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.9-8.9 mmol/liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">x 0.357<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Urinalysis - pH
<br /> Specific gravity<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.0-9.0
<br /> 1.001-1.035<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.0-9.0
<br /> 1.001-1.035<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No conversion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="width: 22%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="22%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">WBC (White blood cells, leukocytes)<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.5-11.0x10 <sup>3</sup> /mm <sup>3</sup><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 32%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="32%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.5-11.0x10 <sup>9</sup> liter<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> <td style="width: 14%; padding: 2.25pt;" width="14%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No conversion<o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <hr size="2" align="left" width="100%"> </span></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><a name="anchor275766"></a><b><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TERMINOLOGY:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">UNITS:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">gram</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> : common measurement of weight. Used in this table: pg (picograms), g (grams), mg (milligrams), etc. per liter
<br /><b>katal (kat)</b> : a unit of catalytic activity, used especially in the chemistry of enzymes. Used in this table: µkat (microkatals), nkat (nanokatals) per liter
<br /><b>micrometer (µm)</b> : a unit of length. Mean Corpuscular Volume is expressed in cubic micrometers
<br /><b>mole</b> : also “gram molecular weight,” a quantity based on the atomic weight of the substance. Many test results in the Système Internationale are expressed as the number of moles per liter. In US units, these measurements are usually in grams per liter. Used in this table: mmol (millimoles), µmol, (micromoles), nmol (nanomoles), pmol (picomoles) per liter
<br />
<br />Some units of measurement include the following fractions and multipliers:
<br /><b>mega (M)</b> : 10 <sup>6</sup> or x1,000,000
<br /><b>kilo (k)</b> : 10 <sup>3</sup> or x1,000
<br /><b>deca or deka</b> : 10 <sup>1</sup> or x10
<br /><b>deci (d)</b> : 10 <sup>-1</sup> or ÷10
<br /><b>milli (m)</b> : 10 <sup>-3</sup> or ÷1,000
<br /><b>micro (µ)</b> : 10 <sup>-6</sup> or ÷1,000,000
<br /><b>nano (n)</b> : 10 <sup>-9</sup> or ÷1,000,000,000
<br /><b>pico (p)</b> : 10 <sup>-12</sup> or ÷1,000,000,000,000</span></p> Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-16761372000690682132010-07-08T18:10:00.001-07:002011-01-14T18:14:37.702-08:00Fever<center><h2>Fever</h2></center> <center><h4>26 Coping Tactics</h4></center> <p>"Man, are you hot!"</p> <p>In some circles that's quite a compliment. At the moment, however, it's just a cold, hard fact: Your temperature's up, and you are quite uncomfortable. Right now, compared with you, the devil is a real cool dude. But before you take steps to douse the fire, listen to what doctors say.</p> <p><strong>Make sure you actually have a fever.</strong> Although 98.6°F is considered the norm, that number is not etched in stone. "Normal" temperature varies from person to person and fluctuates widely throughout the day. Food, excess clothing, emotional excitement, and vigorous exercise can all elevate temperature, says Donald Vickery, M.D., a corporate-health consultant and assistant clinical professor at Georgetown University School of Medicine. "In fact, vigorous exercise can raise body temperature to as high as 103°F. Furthermore, children tend to have higher temperatures than adults and greater daily variations.</p> <p>"So here's a general rule: If your temperature is 99° to 100°F, start thinking about the possibility of fever. If it is 100° or above, it is a fever," he says.</p> <p>Leonard Banco, M.D., an associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine, adds that often a person's appearance is a better indicator of his condition than hard-and-fast numbers. "A child with a raised temperature who looks ill needs attention sooner than one who looks and acts well."</p> <p><strong>Don't fight it.</strong> If you do have a fever, remember this: Fever itself is not an illness—it's a symptom of one. In fact, it's one of the body's defense mechanisms against infection, says public-health authority Stephen Rosenberg, M.D., an associate professor of clinical public health at Columbia University School of Public Health. And fever may even serve a useful purpose: shortening an illness, increasing the power of antibiotics, and making an infection less contagious. These possibilities should be weighed against the discomfort involved in letting a slight fever run its course, he says.</p> <p>If you feel the need for extra relief, try the following steps.</p> <table bg="" style="color: rgb(5, 114, 164);" align="center" cellpadding="1" width="80%"><tbody><tr><td> <table bg="" style="color: rgb(235, 242, 245);" align="center" cellpadding="12" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td> <center><h3><b><span style="color: rgb(5, 114, 164);">MEDICAL ALERT</span></b></h3></center><hr /> <p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><sl>Know the Danger Signs</sl></p> <p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Donald Vickery, M.D., recommends that you see a doctor for:</p> <ul style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"><li>Fever in a child less than 4 months old.</li><li>Fever associated with a stiff neck.</li><li>Fever above 105°F if home treatment fails to reduce it at least partly.</li><li>Fever above 106°F under any condition.</li><li>Fever that lasts more than five days.</li></ul> <p style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">Stephen Rosenberg, M.D., warns that in children under 6 an oral temperature of 102°F or higher can trigger convulsions. And adults with chronic illnesses, such as heart or respiratory disease, may not be able to tolerate prolonged high fevers.</p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><strong>Liquefy your assets.</strong> When you're hot, your body perspires to cool you down. But if you lose too much water—as you might with a high fever—your body turns off its sweat ducts to forestall further water loss. That makes it more difficult for you to cope with your fever. The moral of this story: Drink up, mateys, or your ship will be sunk. In addition to plain water, doctors favor the following.</p> <p><b><i>Fruit and vegetable juices.</i></b> These are high in vitamins and minerals, says nutrition counselor Eleonore Blaurock-Busch, Ph.D., president and director of Trace Minerals International in Boulder, Colorado. She particularly favors nutrient-dense beet juice and carrot juice. If you're thirsty for tomato juice, notes pharmacology professor Thomas Gossel, Ph.D., R.Ph., chairman of the Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences at Ohio Northern University, choose one that is low in sodium.</p> <p><b><i>One doctor's botanical tea.</i></b> Although any tea will provide needed fluid, several are particularly suited for fever, says Dr. Blaurock-Busch. (Look for the following unusual botanicals in health food stores.) One mixture she likes combines equal parts dried thyme, linden flowers, and chamomile flowers. Thyme has antiseptic properties, chamomile reduces inflammation, and linden promotes sweating, she says. Steep 1 teaspoon of the mixture in 1 cup of boiling water for 5 minutes. Strain and drink warm several times a day.</p> <p><b><i>Linden tea.</i></b> This tea by itself is also good, she says, and can induce sweating to break a fever. Use 1 tablespoon of the flowers in 1 cup of boiling water. Prepare as above and drink hot often.</p> <p><b><i>Willow bark.</i></b> This bark is rich in salicylates, which are aspirin-related compounds, and is considered "nature's fever medication," says Dr. Blaurock-Busch. Brew into a tea and drink in small doses.</p> <p><b><i>Black elder.</i></b> Another old-time fever treatment, black elder is preferable to willow bark if you can't tolerate aspirin, she says. Again, brew into a tea and drink as desired.</p> <p><b><i>Ice.</i></b> If you're too nauseated to drink, you can suck on ice. For variety, freeze fruit juice in an ice-cube tray. To entice a feverish child, embed a grape or strawberry in each cube.</p> <p><strong>Get compressed relief.</strong> Wet compresses help reduce the body's temperature output, says Dr. Blaurock-Busch. Ironically, she says, hot, moist compresses can do the job. When the patient starts to feel uncomfortably hot, remove those compresses and apply cool ones to his forehead, wrists, and calves. Keep the rest of the body covered.</p> <p>But if the fever rises above 103°F, she says, do not use hot compresses at all. Instead, apply cool ones to prevent the fever from getting any higher. Change them as they warm to body temperature and continue until the fever drops.</p> <p><strong>Sponge off.</strong> Evaporation also has a cooling effect on body temperature. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, nurse clinician Mary Ann Pane, R.N., recommends cool tap water to help the skin dissipate excess heat. Although you can sponge the whole body, she says, pay particular attention to spots where heat is generally greatest, such as the armpits and groin area. Wring out a sponge and wipe one section at a time, keeping the rest of the body covered. Body heat will evaporate the moisture, so you don't need to towel off.</p> <p>Doctors warn that although alcohol evaporates more rapidly than water, it can be uncomfortable for someone with a fever. What's more, there's the danger of inhaling the vapors or even absorbing them through the skin.</p> <table align="center" bgcolor="#0572a4" cellpadding="1" width="80%"><tbody><tr><td> <table align="center" bgcolor="#ebf2f5" cellpadding="12" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td> <center><h4>Thermometer Ins and Outs</h4></center> <p>Your mother could gauge your temperature just by feeling your forehead. If you didn't inherit the knack—or if you don't have much confidence in this hands-on approach—you'll need to rely on thermometer readings. Here's how to get the most accurate results:</p> <ul><li>Before using a glass and mercury thermometer, hold it by the top end (not the bulb) and shake it with a quick snap of the wrist until the mercury is below 96°F. If you're concerned about dropping and breaking the thermometer, do this over a bed, says Stephen Rosenberg, M.D.</li><li>Wait at least 30 minutes after eating, drinking, or smoking before taking an oral reading, he says. These activities alter mouth temperature and will cause inaccurate readings.</li><li>Place the thermometer under your tongue in one of the "pockets" located on either side of your mouth rather than right up front. These pockets are closer to blood vessels that reflect the body's core temperature.</li><li>Hold the thermometer in place with your lips, not your teeth. Breathe through your nose rather than your mouth, so the room temperature doesn't affect the reading. Leave the thermometer in place for at least 3 minutes (some experts favor 5 to 7 minutes).</li><li>In children under 5, take rectal readings rather than oral ones. Rectal temperature is generally 1 degree warmer than oral. Recognize rectal thermometers by their shorter, rounder bulb.</li><li>To use a rectal thermometer, place your child, stomach down, on your lap and hold one hand on his buttocks to prevent movement, says Donald Vickery, M.D. Lubricate the end of the thermometer with petroleum jelly. Carefully insert it about 1 inch, but never use force. The mercury will start rising within seconds. Remove it when the mercury is no longer rising, after 1 or 2 minutes.</li><li>If a thermometer breaks in the mouth or rectum, don't panic. The mercury is not poisonous, and usually the only harm done is a superficial scratch of the mouth or lining of the rectum. But do call a doctor if you can't find all the pieces of glass.</li><li>After use, wash a glass thermometer in cool, soapy water. Never use hot water. And never store it near heat.</li><li>Use a digital thermometer according to the directions that accompany it. Afterward, wash the tip with soap and lukewarm water or with rubbing alcohol. Do not immerse the instrument completely or splash water on the readout; you risk ruining the thermometer. Be prepared to change the battery every two years.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><strong>Take a dip.</strong> "Often when I have a fever, I really start to shiver," says Dr. Gossel. "At that point I'm most comfortable getting into a tub of warm water."</p> <p>Dr. Banco advises room-temperature baths for babies. An alternative treatment, he says, is to sandwich the child between wet towels and change them every 15 minutes.</p> <p><strong>Don't suffer.</strong> If you're very uncomfortable, take a pain reliever. For adults Dr. Vickery recommends either two aspirin or two acetaminophen tablets every 4 hours. The advantage of acetaminophen, he says, is that fewer people are allergic to it.</p> <p>Since aspirin and acetaminophen exert their effects in slightly different manners, he notes, you might want to pair them up if one alone is not effective in controlling the fever. Take two aspirin <i>plus</i> two acetaminophen (a total of four tablets) every 6 hours. Or stagger the medications so you take two aspirin at one time and two acetaminophen 3 hours later. Make sure this therapy gets your doctor's approval.</p> <p><strong>Give children acetaminophen.</strong> Where those under 21 are concerned, avoid aspirin. That's because aspirin can trigger Reye's syndrome, a potentially fatal neurological illness, in feverish children. Instead, says New Orleans pediatrician George Sterne, M.D., a clinical professor of pediatrics at Tulane University School of Medicine, use 5 to 7 milligrams of acetaminophen per pound of body weight. Repeat every 4 hours. "There is no reason to give it more frequently," he says. "And excessive doses over a period of days are dangerous."</p> <p><strong>Dress the part.</strong> Use common sense as far as clothing and blankets go, says Pane. If you're very hot, take off extra covers and clothes so body heat can evaporate into the air. But if you have a chill, bundle up until you're just comfortable.</p> <p>Be especially careful to monitor infants, who cannot undress themselves if they become overheated, cautions Dr. Sterne. In fact, he says, overdressing a child or leaving him in a hot place (such as a car) can actually <i>cause</i> a fever.</p> <p><strong>Create a healing atmosphere.</strong> Do your best to make the sickroom conducive to <a id="KonaLink0" target="undefined" class="kLink" style="text-decoration: underline ! important; position: static;" href="http://www.mothernature.com/Library/Bookshelf/Books/47/58.cfm#"><span style="font-weight: 400; position: static;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:13.2px;color:#b00000;" ><span class="kLink" style="font-weight: 400; position: relative;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:13.2px;color:#b00000;" >healing</span></span></a>, says Dr. Blaurock-Busch. Don't overheat it—German doctors generally recommend that the temperature not exceed 65°F, she says. Allow just enough fresh air to promote recuperation but not to create a draft. And keep the lighting subdued so it's properly relaxing.</p> <p><strong>Eat—if you want to.</strong> Don't fret over whether you should <i>feed</i> a fever or <i>starve</i> one. Some doctors, like Dr. Blaurock-Busch, prefer juice fasting until the fever is reduced nearly to normal. Others feel that you should eat during a fever because the body's increased heat uses up calories. Ultimately, of course, the choice is yours and hinges on your appetite. Just remember to keep up your fluid intake.</p> <h5>PANEL OF ADVISERS</h5><hr /> <p><b>Leonard Banco, M.D.,</b> is an associate professor of pediatrics at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine in Farmington. He is also director of pediatric ambulatory services and assistant director of the Department of Pediatrics at Hartford Hospital in Connecticut.</p> <p><b>Eleonore Blaurock-Busch, Ph.D.,</b> is president and director of Trace Minerals International, Inc., a clinical chemistry laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. She is also a nutrition counselor specializing in the treatment of allergy and chronic diseases at the Alpine Chiropractic Center there, and is the author of <i>The No-Drugs Guide to Better Health</i>.</p> <p><b>Thomas Gossel, Ph.D., R.Ph.,</b> is a professor of pharmacology and toxicology at Ohio Northern University in <a id="KonaLink1" target="undefined" class="kLink" style="text-decoration: underline ! important; position: static;" href="http://www.mothernature.com/Library/Bookshelf/Books/47/58.cfm#"><span style="font-weight: 400; position: static;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:13.2px;color:#b00000;" ><span class="kLink" style="font-weight: 400; position: relative;font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:13.2px;color:#b00000;" >Ada</span></span></a> and chairman of the university's Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Sciences. He is an expert on over-the-counter products.</p> <p><b>Mary Ann Pane, R.N.,</b> is a nurse clinician in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She is affiliated with Community Home Health Services, an agency catering to people who require skilled health care in their homes.</p> <p><b>Stephen Rosenberg, M.D.,</b> is associate professor of clinical public health at Columbia University School of Public Health in New York City. He is author of <i>The Johnson & Johnson First Aid Book</i>.</p> <p><b>George Sterne, M.D.,</b> is a pediatrician in private practice in New Orleans, Louisiana. He is also clinical professor of pediatrics at Tulane University School of Medicine there.</p> <p><b>Donald Vickery, M.D.,</b> is president of the Center for Corporate Health Promotion in Reston, Virginia. He is also assistant clinical professor of family medicine and community medicine at Georgetown University School of Medicine in Washington, D.C., and associate clinical professor of family medicine at the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond. He is the author of <i>Life Plan for Your Health</i> and coauthor of <i>Take Care of Yourself</i>.</p><p><br /></p><p>article taken from: http://www.mothernature.com/Library/Bookshelf/Books/47/58.cfm<br /></p>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-38567343410458797882010-06-17T17:42:00.000-07:002011-01-14T18:14:37.702-08:00Anemia<span class="minusOne"> <p ax="http://www.adam.com" adam="urn:DataProcessor"><span class="minusOne">URL of this page: <a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000560.htm">http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000560.htm</a></span></p><p ax="http://www.adam.com" adam="urn:DataProcessor"><br />Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. </p> <p>Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein inside red blood cells. It gives red blood cells their red color. People with anemia do not have enough hemoglobin.</p> <p>See also:</p> <ul><li>Anemia due to B12 deficiency</li><li>Anemia due to folate deficiency</li><li>Anemia due to iron deficiency</li><li>Hemolytic anemia</li><li>Hemolytic anemia due to G-6-PD deficiency</li><li>Idiopathic aplastic anemia</li><li>Idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia</li><li>Immune hemolytic anemia</li><li>Megaloblastic anemia</li><li>Pernicious anemia</li><li>Secondary aplastic anemia</li><li>Sickle cell anemia</li></ul> </span><a name="Causes,_incidence,_and_risk_factors"></a> <p> <strong><span class="minusOne">Causes</span></strong> </p> <span class="minusOne"> <p>The cause depends on the type of anemia. Possible causes include:</p> <ul><li>Certain medications</li><li>Diseases such as cancer or rheumatoid arthritis</li><li>Genes -- some forms of anemia can be inherited</li><li>Kidney failure</li><li>Blood loss (for example, from heavy menstrual periods)</li><li>Poor diet</li><li>Pregnancy</li><li>Problems with bone marrow (where blood cells are made)</li><li>Problems with the immune system that cause the destruction of blood cells</li><li>Surgery to the stomach or intestines that reduces the absorption of iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid</li></ul> </span><a name="Symptoms"></a> <p> <strong><span class="minusOne">Symptoms</span></strong> </p> <span class="minusOne"> <p>Possible symptoms include:</p> <ul><li>Chest pain</li><li>Dizziness or light-headedness (especially when standing up or with exertion)</li><li>Fatigue or lack of energy</li><li>Headaches</li><li>Problems concentrating</li><li>Shortness of breath (especially during exercise)</li></ul> <p>Some types of anemia may have other symptoms, such as:</p> <ul><li>Constipation</li><li>Problems thinking</li><li>Tingling</li></ul> </span><a name="Signs_and_tests"></a> <p> <strong><span class="minusOne">Exams and Tests</span></strong> </p> <span class="minusOne"> <p>The doctor will perform a physical examination, and may find:</p> <ul><li>Pale skin</li><li>Rapid heart rate</li></ul> <p>Some types of anemia may cause other findings on a physical exam.</p> <p>The following blood tests are used to diagnose anemia:</p> <ul><li>Blood levels of vitamin B12, folic acid, and other vitamins and minerals</li><li>Bone marrow examination</li><li>Red blood count and hemoglobin level</li></ul> <p>Other tests may be done to identify medical problems that can cause anemia.</p> </span><a name="Treatment"></a> <p> <strong><span class="minusOne">Treatment</span></strong> </p> <span class="minusOne"> <p>Treatment should be directed at the cause of the anemia, and may include:</p> <ul><li>Blood transfusions</li><li>Corticosteroids or other medicines that suppress the immune system</li><li>Erythropoietin, a medicine that helps your bone marrow make more blood cells</li><li>Supplements of iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, or other vitamins and minerals</li></ul> </span><a name="Expectations_(prognosis)"></a> <p> <strong><span class="minusOne">Outlook (Prognosis)</span></strong> </p> <span class="minusOne"> <p>The outlook depends on the cause.</p> </span><a name="Complications"></a> <p> <strong><span class="minusOne">Possible Complications</span></strong> </p> <span class="minusOne"> <p>Severe anemia can cause low oxygen levels in vital organs such as the heart, and can lead to a heart attack.</p> </span><a name="Calling_your_health_care_provider"></a> <p> <strong><span class="minusOne">When to Contact a Medical Professional</span></strong> </p> <span class="minusOne"> <p>Call your health provider if you have any symptoms of anemia, or any unusual bleeding.</p> </span><a name="References"></a> <p> <strong><span class="minusOne">References</span></strong> </p> <span class="minusOne"> <p>Antony AC. Megaloblastic anemias. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. <em>Cecil Medicine</em>. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 170.</p> <p>Zuckerman KS. Approach to the anemias. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. <em>Cecil Medicine</em>. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 162.</p> </span> <p> <strong><span class="minusOne">Update Date: 4/5/2009</span></strong> </p> <span class="minusOne"> <p> Updated by: Yi-Bin Chen, MD, Leukemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc</p> </span>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-7490046831525489252010-05-21T22:37:00.000-07:002011-01-14T18:13:51.334-08:00John Forbes Nash, Jr.<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3UVfBzFUV_THd0r49iQQiAAdINJGnqTIZNI_0ushJrj5BvPA1UOxgrwvadzO_LhdfvUQpvLcydqWJLaBEgpqHmCi0RyGW0fPkN4Az4JMl7PrKCeFdf05qtHeHRqN_T8qdkkiJIEl1oFQ/s1600/Abeautifulmindposter.jpg">
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10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b>John Forbes Nash, Jr.</b> (born June 13, 1928) is an American economist and mathematician whose works in game theory, differential geometry, and partial differential equations have provided insight into the forces that govern chance and events inside complex systems in daily life. His theories are used in market economics, computing, evolutionary biology, artificial intelligence, accounting and military theory. Serving as a Senior Research Mathematician at Princeton University during the later part of his life, he shared the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with game theorists Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CANUARA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:officedocumentsettings> <o:relyonvml/> <o:allowpng/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5CANUARA%7E1%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" 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{size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt; mso-header-margin:36.0pt; mso-footer-margin:36.0pt; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Nash is the subject of the Hollywood movie <i>A Beautiful Mind</i>. The film, based rather loosely on the biography of the same name, focuses on Nash's mathematical genius and struggle with paranoid schizophrenia.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p> <p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Early life</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Nash was born on June 13, 1928 in Bluefield, West Virginia. His father, after whom he is named, was an electrical engineer for the Appalachian Electric Power Company. His mother, Margaret, had been a school teacher prior to marriage. Nash's parents pursued opportunities to supplement their son's education with encyclopaedias and even allowed him to take advanced mathematics courses at a local college while still in high school. Nash accepted a scholarship to Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) and graduated with a Master's Degree in only three years.
<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Post-graduate life</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Nash's advisor and former Carnegie Tech professor, R.J. Duffin, wrote a letter of recommendation consisting of a single sentence: "This man is a genius." Nash was accepted by Harvard University, but the chairman of the mathematics department of Princeton, Solomon Lefschetz, offered him the John S. Kennedy fellowship, which was enough to convince Nash that Harvard valued him less. Thus he went to Princeton where he worked on his equilibrium theory. He earned a doctorate in 1950 with a 28 page dissertation on non-cooperative games. The thesis, which was written under the supervision of Albert W. Tucker, contained the definition and properties of what would later be called the "Nash Equilibrium". These studies led to four articles:<o:p></o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">"Equilibrium Points in N-person Games", <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i> 36 (1950), 48–49. MR0031701</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">"The Bargaining Problem", <i>Econometrica</i> 18 (1950), 155–162. MR0035977</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">"Two-person Cooperative Games", <i>Econometrica</i> 21 (1953), 128–140. MR0053471</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">"Non-cooperative Games", <i>Annals of Mathematics</i> 54 (1951), 286–295.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Nash did ground-breaking work in the area of real algebraic geometry:</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">"Real algebraic manifolds", <i>Annals of Mathematics</i> 56 (1952), 405–421. MR0050928 </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">See <i>Proc. Internat. Congr. Math.</i> (AMS, 1952, pp 516–517).</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">His most famous work in mathematics is the Nash embedding theorem, which shows that any abstract Riemannian manifold can be isometrically realized as a sub-manifold of Euclidean space. He made contributions to the theory of non-linear parabolic partial differential equations, and to singularity theory.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Personal life</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">As per Nash's biography, from 1951 onwards, he had a liaison with a nurse, named Eleanor Stier. They bore a child named John David Stier. Though Nash had thought of marrying her, he later decided against it and abandoned them.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">In 1955, Nash went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a C. L. E. Moore Instructor in the mathematics faculty. There, he met Alicia López-Harrison de Lardé (born January 1, 1933), a woman from El Salvador, whom he married in February 1957. She admitted Nash to a mental hospital in 1959 for schizophrenia; their son, John Charles Martin Nash, was born soon afterward, but remained nameless for a year because his mother felt that her husband should have a say in the name.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Nash won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="line-height: 150%;font-family:";font-size:12pt;" >Schizophrenia</span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Nash began to show signs of extreme paranoia and his wife later described his behaviour as erratic, as he began speaking of characters who were putting him in danger. Nash seemed to believe that there was an organization chasing him, in which all men wore red ties. Nash mailed letters to embassies in Washington, D.C., declaring that they were establishing a government.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">He was admitted to the McLean Hospital, April–May 1959, where he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. It is the most common type of schizophrenia in most parts of the world. The clinical picture is dominated by relatively stable, often paranoid, fixed beliefs that are either false, over-imaginative or unrealistic, usually accompanied by experiences of seemingly real perception of something not actually present—particularly auditory and perceptional disturbances, a lack of motivation for life, and mild clinical depression. Upon his release, Nash resigned from MIT, withdrew his pension, and went to Europe, unsuccessfully seeking political asylum in France and East Germany. He tried to renounce his U.S. citizenship. After a problematic stay in Paris and Geneva, he was arrested by the French police and deported back to the United States at the request of the U.S. government.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">In 1961, Nash was committed to the New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton. Over the next nine years, he spent periods in psychiatric hospitals, where, aside from receiving anti-psychotic medications, he was administered insulin shock therapy.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Although he took prescribed medication, Nash wrote later that he only took it under pressure. After 1970 he was never committed to the hospital again and refused any medication. According to Nash, the film <i>A Beautiful Mind</i> inaccurately showed him taking new atypical anti-psychotics during this period. He attributed the depiction to the screenwriter (whose mother, he notes, was a psychiatrist), who was worried about encouraging people with the disorder to stop taking their medication. Others, however, have questioned whether the fabrication obscured a key question as to whether recovery from problems like Nash's can actually be hindered by such drugs, and Nash has said they are overrated and that the adverse effects are not given enough consideration once someone is considered mentally ill. According to Nasar, Nash recovered gradually with the passage of time. Encouraged by his then former wife, De Lardé, Nash worked in a communitarian setting where his eccentricities were accepted. De Lardé said of Nash, "it's just a question of living a quiet life".</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Nash dates the start of what he terms "mental disturbances" to the early months of 1959 when his wife was pregnant. He has described a process of change "from scientific rationality of thinking into the delusional thinking characteristic of persons who are psychiatrically diagnosed as 'schizophrenic' or 'paranoid schizophrenic' including seeing himself as a messenger or having a special function in some way, and with supporters and opponents and hidden schemers, and a feeling of being persecuted, and looking for signs representing divine revelation. Nash has suggested his delusional thinking was related to his unhappiness, and his striving to feel important and be recognized, and to his characteristic way of thinking such that "I wouldn't have had good scientific ideas if I had thought more normally." He has said, "If I felt completely pressureless I don't think I would have gone in this pattern". He does not see a categorical distinction between terms such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nash reports that he did not hear voices until around 1964, later engaging in a process of rejecting them. Nash reports that he was always taken to hospitals against his will, and only temporarily renounced his "dream-like delusional hypotheses" after being in a hospital long enough to decide to superficially conform, behave normally or experience "enforced rationality". Only gradually on his own did he "intellectually reject" some of the "delusionally influenced" and "politically-oriented" thinking as a waste of effort. However, by 1995, he felt that although he was "thinking rationally again in the style that is characteristic of scientists", he felt more limited.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3UVfBzFUV_THd0r49iQQiAAdINJGnqTIZNI_0ushJrj5BvPA1UOxgrwvadzO_LhdfvUQpvLcydqWJLaBEgpqHmCi0RyGW0fPkN4Az4JMl7PrKCeFdf05qtHeHRqN_T8qdkkiJIEl1oFQ/s1600/Abeautifulmindposter.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 270px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3UVfBzFUV_THd0r49iQQiAAdINJGnqTIZNI_0ushJrj5BvPA1UOxgrwvadzO_LhdfvUQpvLcydqWJLaBEgpqHmCi0RyGW0fPkN4Az4JMl7PrKCeFdf05qtHeHRqN_T8qdkkiJIEl1oFQ/s400/Abeautifulmindposter.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5473970886331182738" border="0" /></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><o:p>article taken from Wikipedia
<br /></o:p></p>
<br />Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-51357286184323482722010-05-06T12:09:00.000-07:002011-01-14T18:13:51.335-08:00Ozone Layer<h1>Whatever Happened to the Hole in the Ozone Layer?</h1> <div class="byline"> <cite class="vcard"> Stuart Fox<br />Life's Little Mysteries Staff Writer<br /><a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/livescience/sc_livescience/byline/whateverhappenedtotheholeintheozonelayer/36063395/SIG=10sog4vj6/*http://www.livescience.com">LiveScience.com</a> <span class="fn org">Stuart Fox<br />life's Little Mysteries Staff Writer<br /><a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/livescience/sc_livescience/byline/whateverhappenedtotheholeintheozonelayer/36063395/sig=10sog4vj6/*http://www.livescience.com">livescience.com</a></span> </cite> <abbr title="2010-05-06T05:50:48-0700" class="timedate">Thu May 6, 8:50 am ET<br /><br /></abbr> </div><!-- end .byline --> <div id="darla-ad__LREC" class="mod ad darla_ad">Three British scientists shocked the world when they revealed on May 16th, 1985 - 25 years ago - that aerosol chemicals, among other factors, had torn a <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273172248_0">hole in the ozone layer</span> over the <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273172248_1">South Pole</span>. The ozone layer, which protects <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273172248_2">life on Earth</span> from damaging <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273172248_3">solar radiation</span>, became an overnight sensation. And the hole in the ozone layer became the poster-child for mankind's impact on the planet. </div> <p> Today, the <a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/livescience/sc_livescience/storytext/whateverhappenedtotheholeintheozonelayer/36063395/SIG=120oair1o/*http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/is-ozone-good-or-bad-0497/"><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273172248_4">ozone</span></a> hole - actually a region of thinned ozone, not actually a pure hole - doesn't make headlines like it used to. The size of the hole has stabilized, thanks to decades of aerosol-banning legislation. But, scientists warn, some danger still remains. </p> <p> First, the good news: Since the 1989 <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273172248_5">Montreal Protocol</span> banned the use of ozone-depleting chemicals worldwide, the ozone hole has stopped growing. Additionally, the ozone layer is blocking more cancer-causing radiation than any time in a decade because its average thickness has increased, according to a 2006 United Nations report. Atmospheric levels of ozone-depleting chemicals have reached their lowest levels since peaking in the 1990s, and the hole has begun to shrink. </p> <p> Now the bad news: The ozone layer has also thinned over the <a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/livescience/sc_livescience/storytext/whateverhappenedtotheholeintheozonelayer/36063395/SIG=125nunuag/*http://www.livescience.com/environment/top10_polar_differences.html"><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273172248_6">North Pole</span></a>. This thinning is predicted to continue for the next 15 years due to weather-related phenomena that scientists still cannot fully explain, according to the same UN report . And, repairing the ozone hole over the South Pole will take longer than previously expected, and won't finish until between 2060 and 2075. Scientists now understand that the size of the ozone hole varies dramatically from year to year, which complicates attempts to accurately predict the hole's future size. </p> <p> Interestingly, recent studies have shown that the size of the ozone hole affects the <a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/livescience/sc_livescience/storytext/whateverhappenedtotheholeintheozonelayer/36063395/SIG=12t81gbp2/*http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/if-global-warming-is-real-why-is-it-still-snowing-0480/"><span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273172248_7">global temperature</span></a>. Closing the ozone hole actually speeds up the melting of the <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273172248_8">polar ice caps</span>, according to a 2009 study from Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. </p> <p> So even though environmentally friendly laws have successfully reversed the trend of <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273172248_9">ozone depletion</span>, the lingering effects of aerosol use, and the link between the ozone hole and <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273172248_10">global warming</span>, virtually ensure that this problem will persist until the end of the century.<br /></p><p><br /></p><p>article is from Yahoo!<br /></p>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-44707959527521987362010-05-05T22:56:00.001-07:002011-01-14T18:13:51.335-08:00Lack of sleep linked to early death<span style="font-weight: bold;">Lack of sleep linked to early death: study</span> <div class="byline"> <abbr title="2010-05-05T06:44:59-0700" class="timedate">Wed May 5, 9:44 am ET<br /></abbr><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCtYEoWmbEVQpkUjaS54Ils21G0yxEePTcJ6M79OQEItymEBD7VFNqFXHe3DO9h34bH-UeD4XcU9S4g10urxvoKq653t9zltqxHbkoB02FJC45uGnvhZlPOWrgGHwgUOi5KIYdUZDgZ0E/s1600/letih.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px; height: 300px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCtYEoWmbEVQpkUjaS54Ils21G0yxEePTcJ6M79OQEItymEBD7VFNqFXHe3DO9h34bH-UeD4XcU9S4g10urxvoKq653t9zltqxHbkoB02FJC45uGnvhZlPOWrgGHwgUOi5KIYdUZDgZ0E/s400/letih.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5468032037807033586" border="0" /></a><br /> </div><!-- end .byline --> <p>LONDON (AFP) – People who get less than six hours sleep per night have an increased risk of dying prematurely, researchers said on Wednesday.</p> <p> Those who slumbered for less than that amount of time were 12 percent more likely to die early, though researchers also found a link between sleeping more than nine hours and <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273067344_0">premature death</span>.</p> <p> "If you sleep little, you can develop diabetes, obesity, <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273067344_1">hypertension</span> and <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273067344_2">high cholesterol</span>," Francesco Cappuccio, who led research on the subject at Britain's University of Warwick, told AFP.</p> <p> The study, conducted with the Federico II University in Naples, Italy, aggregated decade-long studies from around the world involving more than 1.3 million people and found "unequivocal evidence of the direct link" between <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273067344_3">lack of sleep</span> and premature death.</p> <p> "We think that the relation between little sleep and illness is due to a series of hormonal and metabolical mechanisms," Cappuccio said.</p> <p> The findings of the study were published in the Sleep journal.</p> <p> Cappuccio believes the duration of sleep is a <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273067344_4">public health issue</span> and should be considered as a behavioural <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273067344_5">risk factor</span> by doctors.</p> <p> "Society pushes us to sleep less and less," Cappuccio said, adding that about 20 percent of the population in the United States and Britain sleeps less than five hours.</p> <p> Sleeping less than six hours is "more common amongst full-time workers, suggesting that it may be due to societal pressures for longer working hours and more <span class="yshortcuts" id="lw_1273067344_6">shift work</span>"</p> <p> The study also found a link between sleeping more than nine hours per night and premature death, but Cappuccio said oversleeping is more likely to be an effect of illness, rather than a cause.</p> <p> "Doctors never ask how much one sleeps, but that could be an indicator that something is wrong," said Cappuccio, who heads the Sleep, Health and Society Programme at the University of Warwick.</p> <p> Research showed no adverse effects for those sleeping between six and eight hours per day.</p><p><br /></p><p>p.s: nasihat pada diri sendiri- jagalah tidur anda!!<br /></p>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-62637873015491072252010-04-06T11:21:00.000-07:002011-01-14T18:13:51.335-08:00Expectant Mom's Exercise Keeps Newborn's Birth Weight Down<span class="minusOne"><p>MONDAY, April 5 (HealthDay News) -- Regular moderate-intensity exercise during pregnancy reduces an infant's birth weight, which may lower the child's risk of obesity later in life, researchers say.</p> <p>In a new study, 84 first-time pregnant women were randomly assigned to exercise or control groups, with those in the exercise group participating in a weekly maximum of five 40-minute sessions on a stationary cycle. They did this program until at least 36 weeks into their pregnancy.</p> <p>Babies born to mothers in the exercise group were an average of 143 grams lighter than infants born to mothers in the control group, and also had a lower body-mass index (a measurement that takes into account height and weight), the researchers found.</p> <p>The exercise training had no effect on the mothers' body weight or body-mass index during late pregnancy, and had no effect on insulin resistance from the start of the study to late gestation, according to the report published online in the <i>Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism</i>.</p> <p>"Our findings show that regular aerobic exercise alters the maternal environment in some way that has an impact on nutrient stimulation of fetal growth, resulting in a reduction in offspring birth weight," study co-author Dr. Paul Hofman, of the University of Auckland in New Zealand, said in an Endocrine Society news release. "Given that large birth size is associated with an increased risk of obesity, a modest reduction in birth weight may have long-term health benefits for offspring by lowering this risk in later life."</p> <p>Hofman added that the "physiological response to pregnancy appears to supersede the chronic improvements in insulin sensitivity previously described in response to exercise training in non-pregnant individuals. This may be an important finding for athletes who want to continue regular training during their pregnancy as it suggests that training will not have a major adverse impact on insulin resistance."</p><br /> </span> <span class="minusOne"><p>SOURCE: The Endocrine Society, news release, April 5, 2010</p></span> <span class="minusOne">HealthDay<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">data obtain from: <a href="http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_97212.html">http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_97212.html</a></span><br /></span>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-57586523299883937142010-04-05T09:38:00.000-07:002011-01-14T18:13:51.335-08:00Barotrauma<span style="font-size:130%;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">What is Barotrauma?</span></span><br /><br />Barotrauma refers to injury sustained from failure to equalize the pressure of an air-containing space with that of the surrounding environment. The most common examples of barotrauma occur in air travel and scuba diving. Although the degree of pressure changes are much more dramatic during scuba diving, barotraumatic injury is possible during air travel.<br /><br />Barotrauma can affect several different areas of the body, including the ear, face and lungs. Here we will focus on barotrauma as it relates to the ear.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold;">What are the Symptoms of Barotrauma?</span><br /><br />Symptoms of barotrauma include “clogging” of the ear, ear pain, hearing loss, dizziness, ringing of the ear (tinnitus), and hemorrhage from the ear.<br /><br />Dizziness (or vertigo) may also occur during diving from a phenomenon known as alternobaric vertigo. It is caused by a difference in pressure between the two middle ear spaces, which stimulates the vestibular (balance) end organs asymmetrically, thus resulting in vertigo. The alternobaric response can also be elicited by forcefully equalizing the middle ear pressure with the Politzer maneuver, which can cause an unequal inflation of the middle ear space.<br /><br /><h3 style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;">What Causes Barotrauma?</span></h3> <p>Barotrauma is caused by a difference in pressure between the external environment and the internal parts of the ear. Since fluids do not compress under pressures experienced during diving or flying, the fluid-containing spaces of the ear do not alter their volume under these pressure changes. However, the air-containing spaces of the ear do compress, resulting in damage to the ear if the alterations in ambient pressure cannot be equalized. Rarely, barotrauma may be the result of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Slow compression hyperbaric oxygen therapy is associated with a lower risk of otoc barotraumas than traditional hyperbaric oxygen therapy.</p> <p>Barotrauma can affect the outer, middle, or inner ear.</p><p style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;"><br /></span></p><p style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;">How is Barotrauma Diagnosed?</span></p> <p>Diagnosis is initially based on careful history. If the history indicates ear pain or dizziness that occurs after diving or an airplane flight, barotrauma should be suspected. The diagnosis may be confirmed through ear examination, as well as hearing and vestibular testing.</p><p><br /></p> <p><a name="treated"></a></p> <h3 style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-size:100%;">How is Barotrauma Treated?</span></h3> <p>For outer ear barotrauma, the treatment consists of clearing the ear canal of the obstruction, and restricting diving or flying until the blockage is corrected and the ear canal and drum return to normal.</p> <p>For middle ear barotrauma, treatment consists of keeping the ear dry and free of contamination that could cause infection. Topical nasal steroids and decongestants may be started in an attempt to decongest the eustachian tube opening. The presence of pus may prompt the use of appropriate antibiotics. Most tympanic membrane perforations due to barotrauma will heal spontaneously. If the eustachian tube demonstrates chronic problems with middle ear equalization, the likelihood of recovery is drastically reduced.</p> <p>Prevention of air barotraumas to the middle ear has been attempted with dasal decongestants or vasoconstrictors with mixed results. “Pressure equalizing” ear plugs claiming to prevent in-flight barotrauma are available in many airports for purchase. A trial evaluating the effect of these earplugs to placebo found them to have no effect on barotrauma.</p> <p>For inner ear barotrauma, treatment consists of hospitalization and bed rest with the head elevated 30 to 40 degrees. Controversy exists whether this type of injury needs immediate surgery. Once healed, a diver should not return to diving until hearing and balance function tests are normal.</p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size:85%;">this information is taken directly from <a href="http://www.american-hearing.org/disorders/barotrauma/">American Hearing Research Foundation</a>. More information can be obtain at its website.</span><br /></p>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1817406949476959113.post-65545158157741639792010-04-01T07:10:00.000-07:002011-01-14T18:13:51.336-08:00Another Reason To Quit Smoking<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGn-XaeUgGyW3cALHQ9WI9FTyKF6fXstF8bYdC387ORxmGebR6zGLGUb3zWUPzvc11cNiwmOECwVO9tDHa4MjBHjPfesBS9b7SdyhLqi2dOPjSFqQHoi6IUQwmzG45d6YJjsQIXwQ4IPI/s1600/fed55f64572ec42e.jpg"><img style="display: block; margin: 0px auto 10px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 211px; height: 292px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGn-XaeUgGyW3cALHQ9WI9FTyKF6fXstF8bYdC387ORxmGebR6zGLGUb3zWUPzvc11cNiwmOECwVO9tDHa4MjBHjPfesBS9b7SdyhLqi2dOPjSFqQHoi6IUQwmzG45d6YJjsQIXwQ4IPI/s400/fed55f64572ec42e.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5455173010472493298" border="0" /></a><br /><img src="file:///C:/Users/ANUARA%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/moz-screenshot.png" alt="" /><img src="file:///C:/Users/ANUARA%7E1/AppData/Local/Temp/moz-screenshot-1.png" alt="" /><strong>CIGARETTES may contain traces of pigs' blood, an Australian academic says with a warning that religious groups could find its undisclosed presence "very offensive". <!-- google_ad_section_end(name=story_introduction) --> </strong> <!-- // .story-intro --> <!-- google_ad_section_start(name=story_body, weight=high) --> <p>University of Sydney Professor in Public Health Simon Chapman points to recent Dutch research which identified 185 different industrial uses of a pig - including the use of its haemoglobin in cigarette filters.</p><p>Prof Chapman said the research offered an insight into the otherwise secretive world of cigarette manufacture, and it was likely to raise concerns for devout Muslims and Jews.</p><p>Religious texts at the core of both of these faiths specifically ban the consumption of pork.</p><p>"I think that there would be some particularly devout groups who would find the idea that there were pig products in cigarettes to be very offensive," Prof Chapman said today.</p><p>"The Jewish community certainly takes these matters extremely seriously and the Islamic community certainly do as well, as would many vegetarians.</p><p>"It just puts into hard relief the problem that the tobacco industry is not required to declare the ingredients of cigarettes ... they say 'that's our business' and a trade secret."</p><p>The Dutch research found pig haemoglobin - a blood protein - was being used to make cigarette filters more effective at trapping harmful chemicals before they could enter a smoker's lungs.</p><p>Prof Chapman said while tobacco companies had moved voluntarily list the contents of their products on their websites, they also noted undisclosed "processing aids ... that are not significantly present in, and do not functionally affect, the finished product".</p><p>This catch-all term hid from public view an array of chemicals and other substances used in the making of tobacco products, he said.</p><p>At least one cigarette brand sold in Greece was confirmed as using pig haemoglobin in its processes, Prof Chapman said, and the status of smokes sold was unknown.</p><p>"If you're a smoker and you're of Islamic or Jewish faith then you'd probably would want to know and there is no way of finding out," Prof Chapman said.</p><p>The Sydney office of British American Tobacco Australia was contacted by AAP.</p><p>A spokeswoman said a comment would be provided although it was not immediately available.</p>Nomad Melayuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16947099348835417753noreply@blogger.com0